Immunogenicity of an Inactivated Hepatitis A Vaccine in Infants and Young Children

Bell, Beth P.; Negus, Susan; Fiore, Anthony E.; Plotnik, Julia; Dhotre, Kathy Boaz; Williams, James L.; Shapiro, Craig N.; McMahon, Brian J.

doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000253253.85640.cc

Cited by 62 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Similar to previous studies (3,6,20), a significant increase in the percentage changes of the S/CO ratio after vaccination was observed in the seronegative children compared to the seropositive children in our study. The percentage changes of S/CO ratios were not statistically significant between S1, S2, and S3 in G1 and G2.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Children who completed the vaccination program were seropositive after the second dose. In our study, the seroconversion rates at 2 weeks were lower than in other studies (20,22). However, our seroconversion rates at 4 and 28 weeks were quite comparable to those of previous studies (20,22).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 55%

“…In a study performed in the United States among infants born to seropositive mothers, seropositivity rates at 6, 12, and 15 months of age were 94%, 15%, and 3%, respectively (20). In a study from Turkey, maternal antibodies were found to be positive in 85% of newborns.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of immune responses to hepatitis A vaccination in children aged 1 and 2 years

Çelebi¹,

Hacımustafaoğlu²,

Albayrak³

et al. 2013

Turk J Med Sci

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Th e eff ects of inoculum concentrations and the aggressiveness of spot blotch (Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker) isolates were evaluated on the resistance of 123 winter wheat advanced breeding lines developed from European winter wheat as well as on 3 control cultivars, BR8, BH1146, and Zentos. Th e test was conducted under laboratory conditions using a detached leaf technique. A total of 3 inoculum concentrations were used: 0.5 × 10 3 , 1 × 10 3 , and 5 × 10 3 spores mL -1 . Th e results of the study revealed low resistance of the tested material when accessions were compared by the percentage of disease severity (DS), but considerably higher variability of resistance was determined when the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was used for comparison. Th e correlations between DS and AUDPC across inoculum concentrations varied from medium to high (r = 0.559*-0.909**; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01) for isolates with higher aggressiveness, whereas it was high (r = 0.785**-0.939**) for those with lower aggressiveness. Th e correlations between DS and AUDPC across isolates were high (r = 0.769**-0.939**) for lower inoculum concentrations of 0.5 × 10 3 and 1 × 10 3 , whereas they varied from medium to high (r = 0.559*-0.785**) for the highest spore concentration, 5 × 10 3 . All of the concentrations can be successfully used for the evaluation of resistance considering DS development and the subsequent diff erentiation of accessions. However, the lower inoculum concentrations provided a higher diff erentiation of the accessions tested. Cultivar BR8, described in the literature as being resistant, exhibited the highest resistance among the accessions tested for AUDPC and DS, with results of 77.5 and 30.5%, respectively. Cultivar BH1146, referred to in the literature as having medium resistance, was evaluated by DS at 44.2% and by AUDPC at 146.4. About 23% of the accessions tested possessed the same resistance level as BH1146, or higher. Cultivars Dream, Aspirant, and Biscay were the most common among the ancestry of the most resistant lines. Th is suggests that it may be possible to select modern European winter wheat cultivars with suffi cient spot blotch resistance when large numbers of accessions are screened.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 55%

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Assessment of immune responses to hepatitis A vaccination in children aged 1 and 2 years

Çelebi¹,

Hacımustafaoğlu²,

Albayrak³

et al. 2013

Turk J Med Sci

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“…The suppressive effect of high levels of maternally derived IgG antibody upon infant antibody responses has been demonstrated for bacterial (diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis toxin), polysaccharide, and viral vaccines (2,3,7,8,10,25,26,27,28,29,31,35). High levels of maternally derived Vi antibodies exerted a The GM at each time point were compared between groups: Vi-rEPA versus Hib-TT groups, Vi-rEPA versus EPI group, and Hib-TT versus EPI group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Vi Conjugate Typhoid Vaccine Is Safe, Elicits Protective Levels of IgG Anti-Vi, and Is Compatible with Routine Infant Vaccines

Thiem

Lin

Canh

et al. 2011

Clin Vaccine Immunol

112

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Typhoid fever remains a serious problem in developing countries. Current vaccines are licensed for individuals who are 5 years old or older. A conjugate of the capsular polysaccharide (CP) of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (Vi) bound to recombinant exoprotein A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Vi-rEPA) enhanced Vi immunogenicity and protected 2-to 5-year-olds in Vietnam. In this study, Vi-rEPA was evaluated for use in infants. A total of 301 full-term Vietnamese infants received Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) vaccines alone or with Vi-rEPA or Haemophilus influenzae type b-tetanus toxoid conjugate (Hib-TT) at 2, 4, and 6 months and Vi-rEPA or Hib-TT alone at 12 months. Infants were visited 6, 24, and 48 h after each injection to monitor adverse reactions. Maternal, cord, and infant sera were assayed for IgG anti-Vi and for IgG antibodies to Hib CP and the diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis toxins at 7, 12, and 13 months. No vaccinerelated serious adverse reactions occurred. In the Vi-rEPA group, the IgG anti-Vi geometric mean (GM) increased from the cord level of 0.66 to 17.4 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay units (EU) at 7 months, declined to 4.76 EU at 12 months, and increased to 50.1 EU 1 month after the 4th dose (95% of infants had levels of >3.5 EU, the estimated protective level). Controls had no increase of the IgG anti-Vi GM. Infants with cord anti-Vi levels of <3.5 EU responded with significantly higher IgG anti-Vi levels than those with levels of >3.5 EU. Anti-diphtheria, -tetanus, and -pertussis toxin levels were similar in all groups. Vi-rEPA was safe, induced protective anti-Vi levels, and was compatible with EPI vaccines, and it can be used in infants. High cord IgG anti-Vi levels partially suppressed infant responses to Vi-rEPA.Typhoid fever remains a common, serious, and difficult-totreat disease throughout the world, including Vietnam (6,20). In the Mekong Delta region, the incidence of typhoid in 2-to 4-year-olds is similar to that in school-age children (20). Similar findings have been reported in other Asian countries (4,24,30). Typhoid is still a difficult diagnosis to make. Affected infants are often unrecognized because of atypical presentations, and it is often difficult to obtain adequate amounts of blood for culture, the most reliable available diagnostic test, which still identifies only 50% of cases diagnosed by bone marrow culture (the most sensitive assay) (9, 11). Lastly, it has not been possible to mobilize personnel and vaccines to immunize the population during outbreaks of typhoid (22,34). These data indicate that effective vaccination for typhoid should be administered as part of the routine immunization of infants.The three licensed typhoid vaccines (parenteral inactivated whole-cell vaccine, oral attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi Ty21a, and parenteral Vi polysaccharide) confer approximately 70% protection to older children and adults and do not protect young children (1,13,18). We planned to develop a typhoid vaccine to administer to infants as part of their ...

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“…For certain vaccines, immunization of pregnant women may interfere with the ability of the offspring to mount an optimal immune response to either the same or closely related vaccine antigen(s), some of which may be included among routinely recommended infant and childhood vaccines [36,37]. It may be necessary to address this issue by measuring post-vaccination immune responses to concurrently administered routinely recommended childhood vaccines among control infants and comparing these with those of infants born to mothers who have been immunized with the vaccine during pregnancy.…”

Section: Immunogenicity Evaluationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulatory considerations in the clinical development of vaccines indicated for use during pregnancy

Roberts¹,

Gruber²

2015

Vaccine

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Immunogenicity of an Inactivated Hepatitis A Vaccine in Infants and Young Children

Abstract: HA vaccine is immunogenic among infants born to HA-susceptible mothers and those born to immune mothers and vaccinated beginning > or =12 months old. Passively transferred maternal antibody persists for at least 6 months and results in a blunted response to HA vaccination.

Cited by 62 publications

References 23 publications

Assessment of immune responses to hepatitis A vaccination in children aged 1 and 2 years

Assessment of immune responses to hepatitis A vaccination in children aged 1 and 2 years

The Vi Conjugate Typhoid Vaccine Is Safe, Elicits Protective Levels of IgG Anti-Vi, and Is Compatible with Routine Infant Vaccines

Regulatory considerations in the clinical development of vaccines indicated for use during pregnancy

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