Immunogenicity of Standard‐Titer Measles Vaccine in HIV‐1–Infected and Uninfected Zambian Children: An Observational Study

T cell anergy and activation are associated with suboptimal humoral responses to measles revaccination in HIV-infected children on anti-retroviral therapy in Nairobi, Kenya

“…However, those with HIV are less capable of generating a durable protective measles-specific antibody titre [4][5][6][7]. The dual approach of administering ART to ensure immune system reconstitution and then revaccinating HIV-infected children against measles is one means to diminish measles susceptibility.…”

“…One possible contributing factor to this is high HIV prevalence among adults and children [3]. HIV-infected children are less capable of mounting and maintaining responses to vaccination against measles than uninfected, otherwise healthy children [4][5][6][7]. Studies in Kenya have demonstrated that administration of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) to HIV-infected individuals alone is not sufficient to restore measles antibody titres [8,9].…”

Research priorities for global measles and rubella control and eradication

“…The effect of HIV infection on measles antibody titers and cellmediated immunity among adults is not fully understood, but because measles antibody titers decline more rapidly after vaccination among HIV-infected compared with non-HIV infected persons [29][30][31], HIV infection could result in suboptimal protective immunity to measles [32]. In high HIV-prevalence settings, the prevalence of measles susceptibility among HIV-infected adults is unknown and might play a role in sustaining measles virus transmission.…”

Identifying high-risk areas for sporadic measles outbreaks: lessons from South Africa

“…In addition, achieving a high level of population immunity may be difficult in areas such as sub-Saharan Africa where the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is high because infected children are less likely to respond to vaccination or maintain a protective antibody level or may acquire lower antibody levels from an HIV-positive (HIV+) mother. [14][15][16] Vaccination may need to be repeated more frequently in these areas. 16 Since 1995, several African countries have launched initiatives to eliminate measles, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).…”

“…[14][15][16] Vaccination may need to be repeated more frequently in these areas. 16 Since 1995, several African countries have launched initiatives to eliminate measles, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). 17,18 These initiatives aim to:…”