Immunoglobulin Disorders and the Oral Cavity: A Narrative Review

Abstract

The oral mucosa is a mechanical barrier against the penetration and colonization of microorganisms. Oral homeostasis is maintained by congenital and adaptive systems in conjunction with normal oral flora and an intact oral mucosa. Components contributing to the defense of the oral cavity include the salivary glands, innate antimicrobial proteins of saliva, plasma proteins, circulating white blood cells, keratinocyte products of the oral mucosa, and gingival crevicular fluid. General disturbances in the level of immunoglobulins in the human body may be manifested as pathological lesions in the oral mucosa. Symptoms of immunoglobulin-related general diseases such as mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP), pemphigus vulgaris (PV), linear IgA bullous dermatosis (LABD), Epidermolysis Bullosa Aquisita (EBA), and Hyper-IgE syndrome (HIES) may appear in the oral cavity. In this review, authors present selected diseases associated with immunoglobulins in which the lesions appear in the oral cavity. Early detection and treatment of autoimmune diseases, sometimes showing a severe evolution (e.g., PV), allow the control of their dissemination and involvement of skin or other body organs. Immunoglobulin disorders with oral manifestations are not common, but knowledge, differentiation and diagnosis are essential for proper treatment.

Assessing Mucosal Immunity in Patients With Oral Diseases Associated With Rheumatoid Arthritis

“…Maintenance of oral homeostasis is provided by local immunity, which includes the humoral link, which forms lines of defense with specific antibodies [11,16]. Taking into account the genetically determined imperfection of immune system regulation processes in autoimmune diseases [17], the content of sIgA, mIgA, IgG in the oral fluid of patients with oral mucosa lesions associated with RA was studied.…”

The Role of Interleukin 6 in Periodontitis and Its Complications

“…Periodontal disease (PD), also called gum disease or periodontitis, affects all integral parts of the periodontium, from the gingiva and periodontal ligament to the cementum and alveolar bone [1]. Increasing attention is being paid to the oral and dental plaque microbiota and its influence on systemic diseases, as well as general health [2,3]. Periodontitis is a disease initially caused by the accumulation of biofilm and plaque, which leads to bone resorption and loss of the supporting structure of the teeth, and that affects more than half of the adult population worldwide [4].…”

“…With respect to these facts, it is additionally a modulator from the acute to the chronic phase of inflammation [23]. Indicating a local destructive process, high levels of IL-6 are accompanied by increased osteoclastic activity in the alveolar bone region and an excess of periodontal-pathogenic bacteria [2,3]. Various scientific studies have examined the IL-6 levels in PD in combination with other diseases and have used them as a diagnostic factor in disease grades [5].…”

Virulence gene detection and antimicrobial resistance analysis of Enterococcus faecium in captive giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in China

“…This diet leads to an increased risk of oral trauma and lesions, including caries and dental disease [ 1 ]. The occurrence and spread of oral diseases among giant pandas, as well as their general health, are closely related to the oral flora [ 2 ]. Enterococcus faecium may cause severe disease that can be challenging to treat because of antibiotic resistance [ 3 , 4 ].…”