Immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G responses in BALB/c mice to conjugated outer membrane extracts of four Salmonella serotypes

Abstract

Outer membranes (OMs) of Salmonella enteritidis, S. anatum, S. typhimurium, and S. infantis were extracted and cross-linked with glutaraldehyde to form a large macromolecular antigen. The antigen consisted of OM proteins and lipopolysaccharide and was designated 4-OMP-LPS. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of extracted OMs from each serotype revealed differences in protein profiles. S. enteritidis and S. infantis possessed a greater variety of proteins than did S. anatum and S. typhimurium. Immunizations with 4-OMP-LPS in phosphate-buffered saline (4-OMP-LPS-C) and 4-OMP-LPS emulsified with muramyl dipeptide in the oil phase of a hexadecane-water emulsion (4-OMP-LPS-MDP) revealed that BALB/c mice were capable of eliciting specific primary and secondary immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG responses. Both antigen preparations were capable of eliciting IgM and IgG specific for the cell surfaces of each live Salmonella serotype. Also, 4-OMP-LPS-MDP and 4-OMP-LPS-C were capable of evoking a substantial anamnestic response. Adsorption studies revealed that the combined serotypes had the antigenic capacity to adsorb up to 94% of the antibodies, but 4-OMP-LPS-MDP antibodies were more effectively adsorbed than were 4-OMP-LPS-C antibodies. Adsorption of pooled antiserum with heterologous bacteria yielded a variety of adsorption profiles.

Boundary state from Ellwood invariants

“…Our interest is in the Siegel-gauge lump solutions initially studied in [35,36,37,38] and recently constructed to greater accuracy by two of us (M.K, M.S.) [39].…”

“…Ghost degrees of freedom are spanned by ghost oscillators. More zero momentum primaries of BCFT X appear at higher levels and a more convenient basis is thus given by oscillators in the X-direction, [37,39]. For the time being we consider lump solution of the form (4.2) at radius R = √ 3.…”

“…Obviously, better accuracy is always desirable, but more fundamentally, one could worry that subtleties related to the identity string field might start manifesting themselves at higher levels. With the code developed by two of the authors [39] it is possible to go up to L = 10 with a reasonable personal computer power and to explore the lump solutions for different radii. Using cluster facilities we arrived to level 12 and, for R = √ 3 in the same (L, 2L) scheme as [35], we found 18 The first three lines reproduce the results obtained before using the coefficients of [35].…”

“…As a further application of our formalism we considered double lump solutions. These belong to the family of recently discovered numerical solutions in [39]. The interest here is to show how our gauge invariant expression for the energy density can be used to measure the distance between the lower dimensional branes described by the solution.…”

Production, purification, and evaluation of quail immunoglobulin Y against Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis

“…Generally, quail anti-Salmonella IgYs showed a high specificity to their corresponding immunogens, with moderate binding affinity to other members of Enterobacteriaceae family (p < 0.05). The high cross-reactivity of anti-Salmonella IgYs observed between S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis can be explained by the fact that Salmonella serovars share many epitopes (Kudrna et al, 1985). Chalghoumi et al (2008) used the outer membrane protein of S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis as a target of immunization and reported a high cross-reactivity of up to 78.8% for anti-S. typhimurium IgY to S. enteritidis, and up to 71.7% for anti-S. enteritidis IgY against S. typhimurium (Chalghoumi et al, 2008).…”