Immunohistochemical analysis of TGF-β1 and VEGF in gingival and periodontal tissues: A role of these biomarkers in the pathogenesis of scleroderma and periodontal disease

Abstract

Periodontal disease is characterized by inflammation and bone loss. The balance between inflammatory mediators and their counter-regulatory molecules may be fundamental for determining the outcome of the immune pathology of periodontal disease. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) represent a family of polypeptide proteins involved in the inflammation and regulation of immune responses, especially in rheumatic disease. The relationship between these growth factors and periodontitis has resulted in a new field of osteoimmunology and provides a context for better understanding the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the protein expression profile of these inflammatory mediators in 90 patients divided in three groups: healthy control, chronic periodontitis and in rheumatic disease, scleroderma. The findings presented here highlight that biomarkers, such as TGF-β1 and VEGF, play a key role in the evolution of the immune response, which in turn influences the outcome of disease establishment.

Association between TGF-Beta1 (-509) C/T Gene Polymorphism and Tissue Degradation Level In Chronic Periodontitis: A Stereological Study

“…Chronic periodontitis is an inflammatory disease triggered by pathogenic microorganism of dental biofilm, and is characterized by a destructive process in the periodontium (15,27). This common inflammation affects up to 90% of the global population and has associations with major systemic diseases including cardiovascular disease, diabetes and autoimmune disorders (27). A pivotal factor for initiation of periodontal diseases is microbial dental plaque, and its progression and severity, affected by environmental and genetic ele-ments (3,17).…”

“…Cytokines play an essential role in degeneration and regeneration of tissue (15). Transforming growth factor is an anti-inflammatory cytokine, which acts as an anabolic factor in connective tissue remodeling (25,27).…”

“…Transforming growth factor β1 promotes synthesis of extracellular matrix and increases collagen formation. All of these functions give it an important role in progression of periodontitis (16,25,27).…”

“…Transforming growth factor β1 is a chemotaxis inducer for monocytes, mast cells, neutrophils and lymphocytes and is a primordial mediator for T-cells (27). Furthermore, TGF-β1 has eight identified polymorphisms, which interfere with its transcription and affect the its secretion and function (17).…”

“…Furthermore, TGF-β1 has eight identified polymorphisms, which interfere with its transcription and affect the its secretion and function (17). Gene polymorphisms of TGF-β1 have a correlation with susceptibility to systemic disorders such as heart diseases, osteoporosis, diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis, which have a close connection with periodontal diseases (17,27). Therefore, it seems that TGF-β1 gene polymorphism could be a factor for susceptibility to periodontitis as well.…”