Immunohistochemical Localization of Chromogranin A in the Acinar Cells of Equine Salivary Glands Contrasts with Rodent Glands

Sato, Fumio; Kanno, Tomio; Nagasawa, Sumio; Yanaihara, Noboru; Ishida, Nobushige; Hasegawa, Telhisa; Iwanaga, Toshihiko

doi:10.1159/000064389

Cited by 24 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Chromogranin A is a soluble protein in adrenergic neurons. Although histochemical studies (26,27) revealed that the predominant source of salivary chromogranin A is salivary glands themselves, this protein directly reflects the sympathetic tone and sympathetic stress response (13,21,22,38). The results agree with previously obtained human data (34) and, at hormonal level, correspond to the results reported in pigs (37).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Oral treatment with L-lysine and L-arginine reduces anxiety and basal cortisol levels in healthy humans

et al. 2007

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Dietary supplementation with an essential amino acid L-lysine has been shown to reduce chronic anxiety in humans with low dietary intake of L-lysine. A combination of L-lysine and L-arginine has been documented to normalize hormonal stress responses in humans with high trait anxiety. The present study was carried out in one hundred eight healthy Japanese adults. The aim of study was to find out whether a week-long oral treatment with L-lysine (2.64 g per day) and L-arginine (2.64 g per day) reduces trait and stress-induced state anxiety and basal levels of stress hormones. We confirmed that, without regard to gender, the amino acid treatment significantly reduced both trait anxiety and state anxiety induced by cognitive stress battery. In addition, we found that the treatment with L-lysine and L-arginine decreased the basal levels of salivary cortisol and chromogranin-A (a salivary marker of the sympatho-adrenal system) in male subjects. These results of this double-blind, placebo controlled and randomized study confirm the previous findings in humans and animals and point to a combination of L-lysine and L-arginine as a potentially useful dietary intervention in otherwise healthy humans with high subjective levels of mental stress and anxiety.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Oral treatment with L-lysine and L-arginine reduces anxiety and basal cortisol levels in healthy humans

et al. 2007

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“…Immunoreactive acinar cells displayed varying degrees of immunoreactivity and were intermingled with immunonegative acinar cells. In the rat submandibular gland, CgA immunoreactivity was detected in striated and granulated ductal cells, but not in acinar cells [Sato et al, 2002]. Together with the present results, these fi ndings indicate that mammalian salivary gland tissues produce CgA.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…These results provide the fi rst evidence that CgA is produced in the serous and ductal cells of HSG. In previous studies using immunohistochemistry in the three major salivary glands of horses, acinar cells of the secretory portion were reactive to antiequine CgA serum, but ductal cells were free of immunoreactivity [Sato et al, 2002]. Immunoreactive acinar cells displayed varying degrees of immunoreactivity and were intermingled with immunonegative acinar cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Although several immunoreactive bands were present on Western blot analysis of equine salivary gland, the appearance of multiple bands is common in Western blot analysis of CgA [Settleman et al, 1985;Barbosa et al, 1991;Helle et al, 1993;Sato et al, 2002]. There are marked inter-species differences in the amino acid sequence of the middle section of CgA [Sato et al, 2002], and this may explain the different results obtained by Western blotting between human and equine salivary glands. The role of CgA in the salivary gland of mammals is an interesting issue, and we focused on the functional signifi cance of CgA in human saliva.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Expression and Localization of Chromogranin A Gene and Protein in Human Submandibular Gland

Saruta

Tsukinoki²,

Sasaguri³

et al. 2005

Cells Tissues Organs

107

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Human saliva chromogranin A (CgA) is clinically promising as a psychological stress marker. However, expression of CgA is poorly understood in humans, although salivary gland localization of CgA in other mammals, such as rodents and horses, has been demonstrated. In the present study, we investigated the expression and localization of CgA in the human submandibular gland (HSG) using various methods. CgA was consistently localized in serous and ductal cells in HSG, as detected by immunohistochemistry and in situhybridization. Reactivity was stronger in serous cells than in ductal cells. In addition, strong immunoreactivity for CgA was observed in the saliva matrix of ductal cavities. Western blotting gave one significant immunoreactive band of 68 kDa in the adrenal gland, HSG and saliva. Finally, CgA was detected in secretory granules of serous and ductal cells by immunoelectron microscopy. In conclusion, CgA in humans is produced by HSG and secreted into saliva.

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“…Salivary CgA was shown to be produced and stored by the human submandibular gland (Saruta et al, 2005), and has also been described in the salivary gland of animals such as rats and horses (Sato et al, 2002). Its liberation from the salivary gland is mediated by the secretion of catecholamines (Kanno et al, 1999), and it has been postulated that the measurement of salivary CgA could be used as a sensitive and reliable quantitative tool for monitoring the activity of the sympathetic nervous system, which constitutes the initial alarm in stress response Nakane et al, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of chromogranin A in porcine saliva: validation of a time-resolved immunofluorometric assay and evaluation of its application as a marker of acute stress

Escribano

Soler

Gutiérrez

et al. 2013

Animal

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The objective of this study was to develop and validate a time-resolved immunofluorometric assay (TR-IFMA) for porcine salivary chromogranin A (CgA) measurements, using a species-specific antibody, and evaluate its behaviour in an acute stress model. Polyclonal antibodies were produced in rabbits immunized with a synthetic porcine fragment of CgA 3592379 and used to develop a sandwich TR-IFMA. This TR-IFMA was analytically validated and showed intra-and inter-assay coefficients of variation of 6.23% and 5.82%, respectively, an analytical limit of detection of 4.27 3 10 23 mg/ml and a limit of quantification of 24.5 3 10 23 mg/ml. The assay also demonstrated a high level of accuracy, as determined by linearity under dilution (r 5 0.975) and recovery tests. When a model of experimental acute stress, in which animals were immobilized for 3 min with a nose snare (stressor stimulus), was applied, a significant increase (P , 0.05) in CgA levels in saliva was detected at 15 min post-stressor stimulus. These results indicate that the assay developed in this study could measure CgA in porcine saliva in a reliable way and that the concentrations of CgA in saliva samples of pigs increase after an acute stress situation.

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Immunohistochemical Localization of Chromogranin A in the Acinar Cells of Equine Salivary Glands Contrasts with Rodent Glands

Cited by 24 publications

References 24 publications

Oral treatment with L-lysine and L-arginine reduces anxiety and basal cortisol levels in healthy humans

Oral treatment with L-lysine and L-arginine reduces anxiety and basal cortisol levels in healthy humans

Expression and Localization of Chromogranin A Gene and Protein in Human Submandibular Gland

Measurement of chromogranin A in porcine saliva: validation of a time-resolved immunofluorometric assay and evaluation of its application as a marker of acute stress

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