Immunohistochemical Localization of Novel CART Peptides in Rat Hypothalamus, Pituitary and Adrenal Gland

Koylu, Ersin O.; Couceyro, Pastor R.; Lambert, Philip; Ling, Nicholas; DeSouza, Errol B.; Kuhar, Michael J.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.1997.00651.x

Cited by 354 publications

(284 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…As of yet, no CART peptide receptor has been identified and its mode of action remains to be elucidated. Cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide has been implicated in the mediation of the HPA axis and in the modulation of sympathetic outflow (Balkan et al, 2003;Koylu et al, 1997;Smith et al, 2004;Stanley et al, 2004;Vicentic et al, 2004;Vrang et al, 1999Vrang et al, , 2000. Central administration of CART peptide increases systemic blood pressure (Matsumura et al, 2001) and blocks phenylephrine-induced bradycardia (Scruggs et al, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript (CART) Peptide: A Vasoactive Role in the Cerebral Circulation

Iliff

Alkayed

Gloshani

et al. 2005

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

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Cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptides are known to be involved in the stress response and have been implicated in the regulation of the cardiovascular system. We evaluated the direct vasoactive properties of CART in the cerebral circulation and its potential mechanisms of action. Penetrating cerebral arterioles, isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats, were cannulated using a concentric micropipette setup, pressurized and perfused. The vascular response to intraluminal and extraluminal CART peptide was characterized. The endothelium dependence of this response was assessed by means of the endothelial light-dye injury model. The nonspecific endothelin receptor antagonist PD-145065, the ET A -specific antagonist BQ-123, the ET Bspecific antagonist BQ-788, and the inhibitor of endothelin-converting enzyme phosphoramidon were used to characterize the involvement of the endothelin pathway in the vascular response to CART peptide. Extraluminal and intraluminal application of CART peptide (0.1 nm to 1 lmol/L) evoked a long-lasting dose-dependent constriction of isolated penetrating cerebral arterioles to B80% of resting myogenic tone. Disruption of the endothelium by the endothelial light/dye injury model resulted in the abolition of this response (Po0.05). Extraluminal administration of PD-145065, BQ-123, and phosphoramidon blocked the constriction response to CART peptide (Po0.01). The ET B antagonist, BQ-788, did not alter the constriction response to CART peptide. Cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide is a potent vasoconstrictor in the cerebral circulation. Its direct vasoactive properties are endothelium-dependent and are mediated by ET A , not ET B , endothelin receptors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript (CART) Peptide: A Vasoactive Role in the Cerebral Circulation

Iliff

Alkayed

Gloshani

et al. 2005

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

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“…The highly speciWc rabbit anti-Xenopus CRF (xCRF; dilution: 1:15) (Boorse and Denver, 2004;Calle et al, 2005a;Yao et al, 2004), rabbit anti-rat Ucn1 (1:30,000) (Bittencourt et al, 1999;Kozicz et al, 2002), rabbit antibovine ENK (1:1000) (Calle et al, 2005b) and rabbit anti-Xenopus NPY (xNPY; 1:8000) (Tuinhof et al, 1994;Ubink et al, 1997) sera had been used in our laboratories before. The C6-1 F4D4 CART-antiserum (1:100,000) had been raised in mice against the 109-126 fragment of rat CART peptide (Koylu et al, 1997;Lázár et al, 2004).…”

Section: Immunocytochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of starvation on Fos and neuropeptide immunoreactivities in the brain and pituitary gland of Xenopus laevis

Calle

Kozicz

Linden

et al. 2006

General and Comparative Endocrinology

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In mammals complex interactions between various brain structures and neuropeptides such as corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and urocortin 1 (Ucn1) underlay the control of feeding by the brain. Recently, in the amphibian Xenopus laevis, CRF-and Ucn1-immunoreactivities were shown in the hypothalamic magnocellular nucleus (Mg) and evidence was obtained for their involvement in food intake. To gain a better understanding of the brain structures controlling feeding in X. laevis, the eVects of 16 weeks starvation on neurones immunoreactive (ir) to Fos and neuropeptides in various brain structures were quantiWed. In the Mg, compared to controls, starved animals showed fewer neurones immunopositive for Fos (¡55.9%), Ucn1 (¡44.0%), cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) (¡94.3%) and metenkephalin (ENK) (¡65.0%), whereas CRF-ir neurones were 2.1 times more numerous. These diVerences were mainly apparent in the ventral part of the Mg, followed by the medial and dorsal part of the nucleus. In the neural lobe of the pituitary gland a 22.5% lower optical density of CART-ir was observed. In the four other brain structures investigated, starvation had diVerent eVects. The dorsomedial part of the suprachiasmatic nucleus showed 5.9 times more NPY-ir cells and in the ventromedial thalamic area a lower number of NPY-ir cells (¡33.6%) was found, whereas the Edinger-Westphal nucleus contained fewer CART-ir cells (¡42.2%); no eVect of starvation was seen in the ventral hypothalamic nucleus. Our results support the hypothesis that in X. laevis, the Mg plays a pivotal role in feeding-related processes and, moreover, that starvation also has neuropeptide-and brain structure-speciWc eVects in other parts of the brain and in the pituitary gland, suggesting particular roles of these structures and their neuropeptides in physiological adaptation to starvation.

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“…Finally, another peptide is expressed in the arcuate nucleus: CART (cocaine and amphetamine related transcript) (Couceyro et al, 1997;Koylu et al, 1997). The CARTneurons modulate feeding behaviour since central injection of a CART-specific immunserum, increases food intake (Koylu et al, 1997). Moreover, as previously stated for POMC neurons Thornton et al, 1997), administration of leptin provokes an elevation of CART mRNA (Kristensen et al, 1998).…”

Section: Ii1b : How Do Brain Genes "Integrate the Food Signals"?mentioning

confidence: 92%

“…POMC neurons innervate the PVN, the melanocortin concentrating hormone (MCH) and ORX/HO neurons of the LHA, as well as sympathetic preganglionic neurons (Saper et al, 2002). Finally, another peptide is expressed in the arcuate nucleus: CART (cocaine and amphetamine related transcript) (Couceyro et al, 1997;Koylu et al, 1997). The CARTneurons modulate feeding behaviour since central injection of a CART-specific immunserum, increases food intake (Koylu et al, 1997).…”

Section: Ii1b : How Do Brain Genes "Integrate the Food Signals"?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Virtually all arcuate CART neurons coexpress POMC (Elmquist et al, 1999). The sites of action of these leptin-regulated CART neurons that may be involved in the inhibition of food intake are currently unknown even if some evidences show the presence of terminals on central autonomic sites, like the sympathetic preganglionic spinal cord neurons (Koylu et al, 1997). Altogether, these hypothalamic neurons constitute a complex network ensuring connections to acutely regulate peripheral signals and to spread them within the brain.…”

Section: Ii1b : How Do Brain Genes "Integrate the Food Signals"?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genes involved in obesity: Adipocytes, brain and microflora

et al. 2006

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Obesity and obesity-related disorders such as cardiovascular diseases and metabolic abnormalities including hypertension, hyperinsulinemia, insulin-resistance and type 2 diabetes, are among the most pressing problems in the industrialized world (Friedman, 2003;Kannel et al., 1991 (Reitman et al., 2000), demonstrating that normal adipose tissue development and function is critical for metabolic homeostasis.Obesity results from complex interactions between genes and environmental factors such as diet, food components and/or way of life, and can be viewed as an energy storage disorder in which weight gain results from an energy imbalance (i.e. energy input exceeding output), with most of the excess calories stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue (Smith et al., 2006). Therefore a great deal of attention has focused on the mechanisms controlling food intake and adipose mass, and is of considerable importance for public health and clinical medicine.In this review, we prevalently highlight the complex relationships existing between the white adipose tissue, the central nervous system, the endogenous microbiota, and nutrition. Throughout, we emphasize the most recent findings in the field and consider how it shapes the past knowledge and forecasts the future of research on metabolic disorders, such as obesity.

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Immunohistochemical Localization of Novel CART Peptides in Rat Hypothalamus, Pituitary and Adrenal Gland

Cited by 354 publications

References 7 publications

Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript (CART) Peptide: A Vasoactive Role in the Cerebral Circulation

Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript (CART) Peptide: A Vasoactive Role in the Cerebral Circulation

Effect of starvation on Fos and neuropeptide immunoreactivities in the brain and pituitary gland of Xenopus laevis

Genes involved in obesity: Adipocytes, brain and microflora

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