Immunolocalization studies of vimentin and ACE2 on the surface of cells exposed to SARS-CoV-2 Spike proteins

Lalioti, Vassiliki; González-Sanz, Silvia; Lois-Bermejo, Irene; González-Jiménez, Patricia; Viedma-Poyatos, Álvaro; Merino, Andrea; Pajares, Marı́a A.

doi:10.1101/2021.05.04.442648

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…In the present study, we show that vimentin is released from the back of these TNF-α–activated macrophages, and that this polarised release is enhanced by the macrophage activation. Moreover, using confocal, TIRF and SEM, we have confirmed that the structure of the secreted vimentin is not filamentous, as is its intracellular counterpart, but is in form of fragments, as indicated in recent studies (Suprewicz et al, Lalioti et al, 2021 ). Nevertheless, further confirmation of data from GFP-vimentin HL60 is needed as it may not behave identical to endogenous vimentin.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Extracellular vimentin is expressed at the rear of activated macrophage-like cells: Potential role in enhancement of migration and phagocytosis

Thalla

Rajwar

Laurent

et al. 2022

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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Macrophages have a vital role in the immune system through elimination of cell debris and microorganisms by phagocytosis. The activation of macrophages by tumour necrosis factor-α induces expression of extracellular cell-surface vimentin and promotes release of this vimentin into the extracellular environment. Vimentin is a cytoskeletal protein that is primarily located in the cytoplasm of cells. However, under circumstances like injury, stress, senescence and activation, vimentin can be expressed on the extracellular cell surface, or it can be released into the extracellular space. The characteristics of this extracellular vimentin, and its implications for the functional role of macrophages and the mechanism of secretion remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that vimentin is released mainly from the back of macrophage-like cells. This polarisation is strongly enhanced upon macrophage activation. One-dimensional patterned lines showed that extracellular cell-surface vimentin is localised primarily at the back of activated macrophage-like cells. Through two-dimensional migration and phagocytosis assays, we show that this extracellular vimentin enhances migration and phagocytosis of macrophage-like cells. We further show that this extracellular vimentin forms agglomerates on the cell surface, in contrast to its intracellular filamentous form, and that it is released into the extracellular space in the form of small fragments. Taken together, we provide new insights into the release of extracellular cell-surface vimentin and its implications for macrophage functionality.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Extracellular vimentin is expressed at the rear of activated macrophage-like cells: Potential role in enhancement of migration and phagocytosis

Thalla

Rajwar

Laurent

et al. 2022

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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“…The spike of SARS-CoV-2 evolves faster than other genomic regions via both point mutations [ 41 , 42 ] and recombination [ 43 ]. Therefore, several evolutionary scenarios for the future trajectory of SARS-CoV-2 [ 44 ] show that this pandemic may not yet be over.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination and the Bridge between First and Fourth Dose: Where Are We?

Stasi

Meoni²,

Voller³

et al. 2022

Vaccines

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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has induced the explosion of vaccine research. Currently, according to the data of the World Health Organization, there are several vaccines in clinical (145) and preclinical (195) stages, while at least 10 are already in clinical phase 4 (post-marketing). Vaccines have proven to be safe, effective, and able to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its variants, as well as the clinical consequences of the development of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). In the two-dose primary vaccination, different time intervals between the two doses have been used. Recently, special attention has been paid to assessing the immunogenicity following booster administration. The third dose of the vaccine against COVID-19 may be administered at least 8 weeks after the second dose. In Israel, a fourth dose has already been approved in immunocompromised groups. The main objective of this review is to describe the principal results of studies on the effectiveness of first-to-fourth dose vaccination to reduce reinfection by variants and the incidence of severe disease/death caused by COVID-19. Vaccines have shown a high level of protection from symptomatic infection and reinfection by variants after a third dose. Accelerating mass third-dose vaccination could potentially induce immunogenicity against variants.

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“…Variations in these procedures are specified in the corresponding figure legends. Additional technical details, controls and limitations of the tools employed are available as preprint 42 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell surface detection of vimentin, ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 Spike proteins reveals selective colocalization at primary cilia

Lalioti

González-Sanz

Lois-Bermejo

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

Self Cite

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The SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein mediates docking of the virus onto cells prior to viral invasion. Several cellular receptors facilitate SARS-CoV-2 Spike docking at the cell surface, of which ACE2 plays a key role in many cell types. The intermediate filament protein vimentin has been reported to be present at the surface of certain cells and act as a co-receptor for several viruses; furthermore, its potential involvement in interactions with Spike proteins has been proposed. Nevertheless, the potential colocalization of vimentin with Spike and its receptors on the cell surface has not been explored. Here we have assessed the binding of Spike protein constructs to several cell types. Incubation of cells with tagged Spike S or Spike S1 subunit led to discrete dotted patterns at the cell surface, which consistently colocalized with endogenous ACE2, but sparsely with a lipid raft marker. Vimentin immunoreactivity mostly appeared as spots or patches unevenly distributed at the surface of diverse cell types. Of note, vimentin could also be detected in extracellular particles and in the cytoplasm underlying areas of compromised plasma membrane. Interestingly, although overall colocalization of vimentin-positive spots with ACE2 or Spike was moderate, a selective enrichment of the three proteins was detected at elongated structures, positive for acetylated tubulin and ARL13B. These structures, consistent with primary cilia, concentrated Spike binding at the top of the cells. Our results suggest that a vimentin-Spike interaction could occur at selective locations of the cell surface, including ciliated structures, which can act as platforms for SARS-CoV-2 docking.

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Immunolocalization studies of vimentin and ACE2 on the surface of cells exposed to SARS-CoV-2 Spike proteins

Cited by 3 publications

References 92 publications

Extracellular vimentin is expressed at the rear of activated macrophage-like cells: Potential role in enhancement of migration and phagocytosis

Extracellular vimentin is expressed at the rear of activated macrophage-like cells: Potential role in enhancement of migration and phagocytosis

SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination and the Bridge between First and Fourth Dose: Where Are We?

Cell surface detection of vimentin, ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 Spike proteins reveals selective colocalization at primary cilia

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