Immunological mechanisms of vaccine-induced protection against COVID-19 in humans

Sadarangani, Manish; Marchant, Arnaud; Kollmann, Tobias R.

doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00578-z

Cited by 490 publications

(526 citation statements)

References 170 publications

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“…Although the prevalence of HALNs decreases over time after COVID-19 vaccination, HALNs at 2-[ 18 F]FDG PET/CT were even observed 10 weeks after COVID-19 vaccination [ 15 ]. COVID-19 vaccines seem to be more immunostimulatory as compared to other traditional vaccine agents [ 1 , 2 ], and this may account for their longer-lasting vaccine-related HALNs. However, more studies are needed to clarify the time required after COVID-19 vaccination to allow for resolution of HALNs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the beginning of 2020, several vaccines that can control the COVID-19 pandemic have been developed [ 1 , 2 ]. These vaccines, including messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), adenoviral-vectored, protein-subunit, and whole-cell inactivated-virus vaccines, have now reported efficacy in phase III trials, receiving approval in many countries [ 1 , 2 ]. Most COVID-19 vaccines are designed to elicit immune responses against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein [ 1 , 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence and Significance of Hypermetabolic Lymph Nodes Detected by 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT after COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis

et al. 2021

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Recently, several articles reported incidental findings at 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT in patients who have received COVID-19 vaccinations, including hypermetabolic axillary lymph nodes (HALNs) ipsilateral to the COVID-19 vaccine injection site which may cause diagnostic dilemmas. The aim of our work was to calculate the prevalence of this finding. A comprehensive computer literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane library databases was performed to identify recently published articles that investigated the prevalence of HALNs detected by 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT after COVID-19 vaccination. Pooled prevalence of this finding was calculated through a meta-analytic approach. Nine recently published articles including 2354 patients undergoing 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT after recent COVID-19 vaccination have been included in the systematic review. Overall, HALNs ipsilateral to the vaccine injection site were frequent findings mainly due to vaccine-related immune response in most of the cases. The pooled prevalence of HALNs after COVID-19 vaccination was 37% (95% confidence interval: 27–47%) but with significant heterogeneity among the included studies. Physicians must be aware and recognize the significant frequency of HALNs at 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT related to immune response to vaccine injection. Larger studies are needed to confirm the findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Significance of Hypermetabolic Lymph Nodes Detected by 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT after COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis

et al. 2021

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“…Vaccines are highly effective in preventing infection and disease due to SARS-CoV-2 [ 1 ]. The mRNA and recombinant adenovirus formats used in US EUA products are novel for vaccines in general use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Little is known concerning mRNA vaccine immunogenicity or efficacy in immune suppressed/immune compromised (IS/IC) populations. Data suggest that neutralizing antibodies (nAb), other functional antibodies, and virus-specific T cells contribute to protection [ 1 ]. Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by antibodies that interrupt neuromuscular transmission.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunogenicity of repeat COVID-19 mRNA vaccinations in a patient with myasthenia gravis receiving mycophenolate, prednisone, and eculizumab

Plymate¹,

Pepper²,

Krist³

et al. 2021

Journal of Translational Autoimmunity

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“…Neutralizing antibodies, which bind to the S protein and prevent its interaction with ACE2, are useful for preventing viral infection [12][13][14]. Vaccines, which ideally produce neutralizing antibodies against the S protein, are an extremely useful way to produce immunity for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 [15][16][17]. Current treatment strategies for COVID-19 are mainly focused on chemical medicines, including various neutralizing antibodies [13,18,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction between spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and human virus receptor ACE2 using two-color fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy

Fujimoto

Lyu²,

Kinjo

2021

Preprint

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Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is initiated by the interaction between a receptor protein, angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2) on the cell surface, and the viral spike (S) protein. This interaction is similar to the mechanism in SARS-CoV, a close relative of SARS-CoV-2, which was identified in 2003. Drugs and antibodies that inhibit the interaction between ACE2 and S proteins could be key therapeutic methods for preventing viral infection and replication in COVID-19. Here, we demonstrate the interaction between human ACE2 and a fragment of the S protein (S1 subunit) derived from SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV using two-color fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS), which can detect the interaction of fluorescently labeled proteins. The S1 subunit of SARS-CoV-2 interacted in solution with soluble ACE2, which lacks a transmembrane region, more strongly than that of SARS-CoV. Furthermore, one-to-one stoichiometry of the two proteins during the interaction was indicated. Thus, we propose that this FCCS-based interaction detection system can be used to analyze the interaction strengths of various mutants of the S1 subunit that have evolved during the worldwide pandemic, and also offers the opportunity to screen and evaluate the performance of drugs and antibodies that inhibit the interaction.

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Immunological mechanisms of vaccine-induced protection against COVID-19 in humans

Cited by 490 publications

References 170 publications

Prevalence and Significance of Hypermetabolic Lymph Nodes Detected by 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT after COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis

Prevalence and Significance of Hypermetabolic Lymph Nodes Detected by 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT after COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis

Immunogenicity of repeat COVID-19 mRNA vaccinations in a patient with myasthenia gravis receiving mycophenolate, prednisone, and eculizumab

Interaction between spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and human virus receptor ACE2 using two-color fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy

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