Immunological pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory state of the gastrointestinal tract and can be classified into 2 main clinical phenomena: Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The pathogenesis of IBD, including CD and UC, involves the presence of pathogenic factors such as abnormal gut microbiota, immune response dysregulation, environmental changes, and gene variants. Although many investigations have tried to identify novel pathogenic factors associated with IBD that are related to environmental, genetic, microbial, and immune response factors, a full understanding of IBD pathogenesis is unclear. Thus, IBD treatment is far from optimal, and patient outcomes can be unsatisfactory. As result of massive studying on IBD, T helper 17 (Th17) cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are investigated on their effects on IBD. A recent study of the plasticity of Th17 cells focused primarily on colitis. ILCs also emerging as novel cell family, which play a role in the pathogenesis of IBD. IBD immunopathogenesis is key to understanding the causes of IBD and can lead to the development of IBD therapies. The aim of this review is to explain the pathogenesis of IBD, with a focus on immunological factors and therapies.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes and Other Extracellular Vesicles as New Remedies in the Therapy of Inflammatory Diseases

“…Macrophages have been identified as the most important cells for the induction of colon inflammation [22,23]. Massive release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) from injured epithelial cells activates NF-κB signaling pathway in colon macrophages, resulting in increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and enhanced secretion of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-1β), nitric oxide (NO) and lymphocyte and monocyte-recruiting chemokines (CCL-17 and CCL-24) [24].…”

Integrating omics for a better understanding of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: a step towards personalized medicine

“…Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is an inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, resulting from the complex interactions between genetic makeup, microbiome composition, environmental factors, and mucosal immune response [1]. IBD is characterized by the repeated alternating cycles of clinical relapse and remission [2] and in the absence of an adequate treatment, a chronic inflammation leading to irreversible intestinal damages [3]. Based on the disease manifestation, IBD is classified into three major subtypes [4]: Ulcerative Colitis (UC), which primarily affects the colon, Crohn's disease (CD) which affects various GI sites [5], and a third subtype where histology assessments done on patients do not categorize to either UC or CD.…”

Regional variations in the use of biologics and immunomodulators among Korean patients with inflammatory bowel diseases

“…Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic complex immune‐mediated disorders of the gastrointestinal tract that include Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) . The goal of IBD treatment is to avoid corticosteroid use and achieve clinical and endoscopic remission .…”

“…While all these drugs can be effective for IBD treatment, there is no single ideal drug for all patients. This may be partly because of the varied pathways of inflammation and abnormal immune response in individual patients . With the expansion of the pharmacotherapeutic options available for the management of IBD and the evolving understanding of the risk and benefits of pharmacotherapy, there is the possibility of wide variation in the use of IBD medications.…”

“…Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic complex immunemediated disorders of the gastrointestinal tract that include Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). 1 The goal of IBD treatment is to avoid corticosteroid use and achieve clinical and endoscopic remission. 2,3 There are several pharmacotherapeutic options available for induction and maintenance of remission in IBD, including 5-aminosalicylic acids (5-ASA), immunomodulators such as thiopurines, and biologics such as anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha agents (infliximab and adalimumab).…”