Immunomodulatory Activity of Agarwood Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk. Leaf Extracts on Staphylococcus aureus-infected Macrophages in vitro

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Aquilaria malaccensis has been consumed as herbal medicine, and in vitro study showed that the leaf extract possesses high antioxidant activities. A brief preliminary study indicated that A. malaccensis showed a promising immunomodulatory activity when evaluated using latex beads. This current study aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of A. malaccensis leaf extract on the macrophage, which was challenged with pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus.METHODS: Bioactivity was determined by evaluating the phagocytic capacity of macrophages isolated from Mus musculus against S. aureus. First, the cytotoxicity of extracts on macrophages was evaluated using MTT assays, and the IC50 value was used to determine the dose of immunomodulatory assays. The highest toxicity was observed on chloroform extract with an IC50 value of 111.4 µg/mL. Therefore, the treatment was 100 and 50 µg/mL. Two parameters, including the phagocytic activity and phagocytic capacity of macrophages infected with S. aureus, were used to evaluate immunomodulatory activity. The analysis of variance was done at p<0.05 to determine the significant difference among treatments.RESULTS: Chloroform and ethanol extracts at a 50 µg/mL concentration showed the best results with the phagocytic activity of 82.33%±9.61% and 80.33±1.53%. The ethyl acetate showed lower phagocytic activities of 70.67±1.53. All extracts significantly increased phagocytic activity and phagocytic capacity, and the results differed significantly between negative and positive controls. Thin-layer chromatography indicated that the extract contained terpenoid, flavonoid, phenolic, and tannin.CONCLUSION: A. malaccensis leaf extracts showed immunomodulatory activity. Both chloroform and ethanol extracts showed comparable activity, while the ethyl acetate extract was lower. The extracts contained diverse bioactive compounds that may support activating macrophage cells for immunomodulatory activity.KEYWORDS: Aquilaria malaccensis, immunomodulator, phagocytosis, macrophages, Staphylococcus aureus

Synergistic Activity of Cinnamomum burmannii (Nees & T. Nees) Blume and Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk. Extracts for Antidiabetic Study

“…Several secondary metabolites in both extracts, such as terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, essential oils, and fatty acids, may function in concert to inhibit the enzymes' active sites. (13,15) This study discovered that CB and AM extracts contained phenolics, flavonoids, and terpenoids with different Rf values, as revealed by TLC. Previous findings on the secondary metabolites of CB indicated that terpenoids, particularly ß-caryophyllene, were identified at a greater concentration in CB, whilst palustrol was detected at a higher quantity in AM.…”

“…This finding is consistent another study on metabolite fingerprinting of AM extract using TLC. (13) This may be attributable to low environmental stress, growing location, growth, and species variety. ( 28) Similarly, for CB extract, a previous study that detected the secondary metabolites of CB using TLC reported the presence of phenolic, flavonoids and steroid-triterpenoids but no alkaloids.…”

Isolation and morphological identification of endophytic fungi from leaves and stems of Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk. originating from Java Island, Indonesia

“…Aquilaria malaccensis is a potential pharmacological plant due to its capacity to generate various secondary metabolites. Aquilaria malaccensis leaves extract has antioxidant (Hendra et al, 2016;Halim et al, 2022), antiviral against dengue virus (Masita et al, 2020) and immunomodulatory potential (Batubara et al, 2021;Wahid et al, 2022;Yana et al, 2022). Furthermore, the stem has been referenced for anticancer activities (Hegde et al, 2018).…”