Abstract:Thymol and cinnamaldehyde are phytogenic feed additives that have been developed to improve gut health, immunity and growth performance in poultry and swine. This study evaluated the immune modulating effects of a thymol and cinnamaldehyde blend (TCB) in the intestinal system of poultry in vitro, using two chicken cell lines, LMH (liver cell line) which has been used to mimic epithelial cell responses, and HD-11 (monocyte/macrophage-like). Cells with high viability (>95%) from established cell lines were cu… Show more
“…Heat stress has been shown to significantly impact cytokine production ( Bouchama and Knochel, 2002 ; Carroll et al., 2012 ). Previous research also has shown that PFA may affect the immune system through reductions of proinflammatory cytokines and inflammation ( Paraskeuas et al., 2017 ; Pirgozliev et al., 2019 ; Shen et al., 2020 ), although this has been measured primarily in the ceca, intestine, and immune cells. Here, the expression of whole blood interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) was unaffected by dietary PFA ( Figure 3 A), but interleukin-18 ( IL-18 ) was decreased by HS, ( P = 0.054), primarily driven by larger numerical decreases in the PFA-C treated groups ( Figure 3 B).…”
Section: Results and Dicussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Saponins, one of the components of the PFA used in this study, may regulate cytokine production via TLR-4, leading to macrophage activation ( Naknukool et al., 2011 ). Conversely, in HD-11 chicken macrophages, addition of an essential oil PFA decreased the expression of CCL4 after lipopolysaccharide challenge ( Shen et al., 2020 ), which is indicative of a decreased inflammatory response. Figure 4 Effect of PFA supplementation on circulating antioxidant markers in HS broilers.…”
Heat stress (
HS
) is a critical concern to the poultry industry as it affects both productivity and well-being. Various managerial and nutritional strategies have been proposed to mitigate the negative effects of HS in chickens, with plant-based additives showing promise. Recently, we reported the positive effect of a phytogenic feed additive (
PFA
) on growth performance in HS birds. Owing to the antioxidant nature of these compounds, we sought to further explore the effect of PFA on whole blood circulating chemokines, cytokines, and inflammasomes in HS broilers. Broilers (600 males, 1 d) were randomly assigned to 12 environmental chambers, subjected to 2 environmental conditions (12 h cyclic heat stress, HS, 35°C vs. thermoneutral condition [
TN
], 24°C) and fed 3 diets (control, PFA-C 250 ppm, PFA-C 400 ppm) in a 2 × 3 factorial design. After 21 d of cyclic HS, blood samples were collected for target gene expression analysis. HS upregulated the expression of superoxide dismutase 1 (
SOD1
) and downregulated glutathione peroxidase-3 (
GPX-3
), and there was diet × temperature interaction for SOD2, GPX-1, and GPX-3, where gene expression was increased by PFA-C250 during HS but was unchanged for PFA-C400. Plasma total antioxidant capacity (
TAC
) and malondialdehyde (
MDA
) content were increased by HS. Gene expression of interleukin-18 (
IL-18
) was decreased by HS, without further effect of PFA. HS increased tumor necrosis factor α (
TNFα
), but this effect was mitigated by PFA-C400. C-C motif chemokine ligands 4 and 20 (
CCL4
and
CCL20
) showed a similar pattern to TNFα, with PFA-C400 ameliorating the negative effect of HS. The nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain containing 3 (
NLRP3
) inflammasome was decreased by HS and further lowered by PFA-C400, but the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat, and CARD domain containing 3 (
NLRC3
) and nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat containing X1 (
NLRX1
) inflammasomes were increased by PFA under TN conditions, with no effects of HS. Heat shock proteins (
HSP
) and heat shock factors (
HSF
) were unaffected by PFA or HS. Together these data indicate that gene expression of circulating inflammatory factors are dysregulated during HS, and supplemental dietary PFA may be protective.
“…Heat stress has been shown to significantly impact cytokine production ( Bouchama and Knochel, 2002 ; Carroll et al., 2012 ). Previous research also has shown that PFA may affect the immune system through reductions of proinflammatory cytokines and inflammation ( Paraskeuas et al., 2017 ; Pirgozliev et al., 2019 ; Shen et al., 2020 ), although this has been measured primarily in the ceca, intestine, and immune cells. Here, the expression of whole blood interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) was unaffected by dietary PFA ( Figure 3 A), but interleukin-18 ( IL-18 ) was decreased by HS, ( P = 0.054), primarily driven by larger numerical decreases in the PFA-C treated groups ( Figure 3 B).…”
Section: Results and Dicussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Saponins, one of the components of the PFA used in this study, may regulate cytokine production via TLR-4, leading to macrophage activation ( Naknukool et al., 2011 ). Conversely, in HD-11 chicken macrophages, addition of an essential oil PFA decreased the expression of CCL4 after lipopolysaccharide challenge ( Shen et al., 2020 ), which is indicative of a decreased inflammatory response. Figure 4 Effect of PFA supplementation on circulating antioxidant markers in HS broilers.…”
Heat stress (
HS
) is a critical concern to the poultry industry as it affects both productivity and well-being. Various managerial and nutritional strategies have been proposed to mitigate the negative effects of HS in chickens, with plant-based additives showing promise. Recently, we reported the positive effect of a phytogenic feed additive (
PFA
) on growth performance in HS birds. Owing to the antioxidant nature of these compounds, we sought to further explore the effect of PFA on whole blood circulating chemokines, cytokines, and inflammasomes in HS broilers. Broilers (600 males, 1 d) were randomly assigned to 12 environmental chambers, subjected to 2 environmental conditions (12 h cyclic heat stress, HS, 35°C vs. thermoneutral condition [
TN
], 24°C) and fed 3 diets (control, PFA-C 250 ppm, PFA-C 400 ppm) in a 2 × 3 factorial design. After 21 d of cyclic HS, blood samples were collected for target gene expression analysis. HS upregulated the expression of superoxide dismutase 1 (
SOD1
) and downregulated glutathione peroxidase-3 (
GPX-3
), and there was diet × temperature interaction for SOD2, GPX-1, and GPX-3, where gene expression was increased by PFA-C250 during HS but was unchanged for PFA-C400. Plasma total antioxidant capacity (
TAC
) and malondialdehyde (
MDA
) content were increased by HS. Gene expression of interleukin-18 (
IL-18
) was decreased by HS, without further effect of PFA. HS increased tumor necrosis factor α (
TNFα
), but this effect was mitigated by PFA-C400. C-C motif chemokine ligands 4 and 20 (
CCL4
and
CCL20
) showed a similar pattern to TNFα, with PFA-C400 ameliorating the negative effect of HS. The nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain containing 3 (
NLRP3
) inflammasome was decreased by HS and further lowered by PFA-C400, but the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat, and CARD domain containing 3 (
NLRC3
) and nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat containing X1 (
NLRX1
) inflammasomes were increased by PFA under TN conditions, with no effects of HS. Heat shock proteins (
HSP
) and heat shock factors (
HSF
) were unaffected by PFA or HS. Together these data indicate that gene expression of circulating inflammatory factors are dysregulated during HS, and supplemental dietary PFA may be protective.
“…Pig epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) were cultured with bacterial supernatant (from 0, 0.5… till 2 × 10 7 CFU/mL) for 6 h and cell pellets were collected for RT-PCR analysis. RNA extraction, quality control and RT-qPCR was performed at Eurofins AROS as described previously 68 . Data are first normalized to two sets of house-keeping genes by following equation: Value = 2 −(Ct sample − Ct house-keeping) × 10 3 .…”
Worldwide the increase in multi-resistant bacteria due to misuse of traditional antibiotics is a growing threat for our health. Finding alternatives to traditional antibiotics is thus timely. Probiotic bacteria have numerous beneficial effects and could offer safer alternatives to traditional antibiotics. Here, we use the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) to screen a library of different lactobacilli to identify potential probiotic bacteria and characterize their mechanisms of action. We show that pretreatment with the Lactobacillus spp. Lb21 increases lifespan of C. elegans and results in resistance towards pathogenic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Using genetic analysis, we find that Lb21-mediated MRSA resistance is dependent on the DBL-1 ligand of the TGF-β signaling pathway in C. elegans. This response is evolutionarily conserved as we find that Lb21 also induces the TGF-β pathway in porcine epithelial cells. We further characterize the host responses in an unbiased proteome analysis and identify 474 proteins regulated in worms fed Lb21 compared to control food. These include fatty acid CoA synthetase ACS-22, aspartic protease ASP-6 and vitellogenin VIT-2 which are important for Lb21-mediated MRSA resistance. Thus, Lb21 exerts its probiotic effect on C. elegans in a multifactorial manner. In summary, our study establishes a mechanistic basis for the antimicrobial potential of lactobacilli.
“…Cinnamaldehyde blended with thymol has been studied and evaluated in a study for its immune-modulating effect in the poultry immune system by using both a liver cell line and a monocyte/macrophage-like cell line. Results showed that under the testing conditions, the blend of cinnamaldehyde and thymol improved the integrity of the epithelial barrier in poultry liver cells, produced anti-inflammatory cytokines by monocytes and macrophages, and encouraged phagocytic activity, thus increasing in vivo cell membrane integrity and birds’ performance [ 58 ]. Another study that evaluated the effect of cinnamaldehyde on cardiac hypertrophy in mice performed aortic banding.…”
Section: Immuno-modulatory Activities Of Aldehydesmentioning
Essential oils (EOs) are intricate combinations of evaporative compounds produced by aromatic plants and extracted by distillation or expression. EOs are natural secondary metabolites derived from plants and have been found to be useful in food and nutraceutical manufacturing, perfumery and cosmetics; they have also been found to alleviate the phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in addition to functioning as antibacterial and antifungal agents, balancing menstrual cycles and being efficacious as an immune system booster. Several main aldehyde constituents can be found in different types of EOs, and thus, aldehydes and their derivatives will be the main focus of this study with regard to their antimicrobial, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. This brief study also explores the activity of aldehydes and their derivatives against pathogenic bacteria for future use in the clinical setting.
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