Immunomodulatory Properties of PDLSC and Relevance to Periodontal Regeneration

Abstract

Periodontitis, a major chronic inflammatory disease of dental tissue, causes periodontal tissue destruction and alveolar bone resorption. When large amounts of alveolar bone are lost, it is very difficult to regenerate the bone using conventional treatments. Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) have attracted much attention as potential cell sources for alternative periodontitis regenerative treatment because of their capacity for self-renewal and multipotency. Recently, PDLSCs were found to possess immunomodulatory properties. PDLSCs lack the expression of immune costimulating factors and suppress immune cell proliferation following stimulation with mitogens or in mixed allogeneic lymphocyte reactions. Because of these characteristics, the anti-inflammatory effects of PDLSCs and the establishment of allogeneic PDLSC transplantation therapies have been well studied. The aim of this review is to provide an assessment of the latest findings on the immunomodulatory properties of PDLSCs and their potential clinical application for periodontal tissue regeneration.

Human periodontal ligament stem cells on calcium phosphate scaffold delivering platelet lysate to enhance bone regeneration

“…20,37 It was demonstrated that hPDLSCs formed a cementum-like tissue with condensed collagen bers, which consisted of the periodontal ligament. 38 Thus, the transplantation of hPDLSCs was suggested to be a promising alternative cell source to the gold-standard hBMSCs, and hold the promise as a therapeutic approach for the reconstruction of alveolar bone tissues and the periodontal complex. 38 CPC scaffolds are excellent candidates for orthopedic surgical applications due to their excellent biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, degradability, injectability and moldability.…”

“…38 Thus, the transplantation of hPDLSCs was suggested to be a promising alternative cell source to the gold-standard hBMSCs, and hold the promise as a therapeutic approach for the reconstruction of alveolar bone tissues and the periodontal complex. 38 CPC scaffolds are excellent candidates for orthopedic surgical applications due to their excellent biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, degradability, injectability and moldability. However, their poor strength and brittleness have limited their use to primarily low stress-bearing applications.…”

Stem cell‐like populations and immunoregulatory molecules in periodontal granulation tissue

“…From a clinical perspective, GT excision controls bleeding locally and thus contributes to a more efficient debridement of a periodontal osseous lesion while allowing space for the placement of graft materials . In both homeostasis and disease/injury, the perivascular regions in the periodontal ligament are enriched with stem/progenitor cells that can migrate to the wound site, attach to the denuded root surface, proliferate and mature to tissue‐forming cells (osteoblasts, cementoblasts and fibroblasts) and interact with other host cells by releasing regenerative signals, cytokines, growth factors, chemokines, etc . There is growing evidence that GT‐derived MSCs possess high regenerative potential and may be used as autologous transplants for subsequent periodontal reconstructive operations …”

Therapeutic Functions of Stem Cells from Oral Cavity: An Update

“…As a powerful inducer of the progenitor cell proliferation in hard tissue regeneration, in contrast, fibroblast growth factors (FGF-2) would enhance the proliferation while inhibiting terminal differentiation of PDLSCs in vitro [41]. Finally, PDLSCs have an immunomodulatory ability comparable to other MSCs; for instance, allogeneic PDLSCs could enhance periodontal regeneration due to their low immunogenicity and immunosuppressive effects on T cell as well as B cells [42].…”