2021
DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.725606
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Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, the Immunological Key Words of Severe COVID-19. Is There a Role for Stem Cell Transplantation?

Abstract: The outcomes of Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) vary depending on the age, health status and sex of an individual, ranging from asymptomatic to lethal. From an immunologic viewpoint, the final severe lung damage observed in COVID-19 should be caused by cytokine storm, driven mainly by interleukin-6 and other pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, which immunopathogenic status precedes this “cytokine storm” and why the male older population is more severely affected, are currently unanswered questions. The ag… Show more

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Cited by 14 publications
(16 citation statements)
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References 306 publications
(559 reference statements)
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“…Inflammaging should play a key role in the pathogenic process leading to "cytokine storm" that cause serious organ damage. Though the antibody production after vaccination is also weakened, vaccination is strongly recommended for older people [10].…”
Section: Changes Of the Immune System Of The Elderlymentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…Inflammaging should play a key role in the pathogenic process leading to "cytokine storm" that cause serious organ damage. Though the antibody production after vaccination is also weakened, vaccination is strongly recommended for older people [10].…”
Section: Changes Of the Immune System Of The Elderlymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…They are also playing a pivotal role in limiting viral infection [11]. Aging associated changes in NK cell count, phenotype, and functions may have a direct impact on COVID-19 disease progression [10]. NK cell number is reduced in COVID-19 patients.…”
Section: Changes Of the Immune System Of The Elderlymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…So, men have higher pro-inflammatory activity and lower acquired activity than observed in women [ 9 , 12 ]. These differences, that contribute to health- and life-span disparities between genders, fit very well with pathophysiological mechanisms of COVID-19 [ 8 ].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 56%
“…As previously stated, older patients are at higher risk of getting severe COVID-19, including death. Accordingly, as of March 31, 2021, at the beginning of mass vaccination of the older people, almost 86% of SARS-CoV-2 positive Italian patients that died were patients over 70 years old, with a median of 82 years (range 0–109), more than 30 years higher than that registered in infected people (median age 47) [ 8 ]. Disease severity in older patients is thought to be mainly due to the presence of comorbidities in older people.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation