Immunopathology and immunotherapeutic strategies in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection

Keam, Synat; Megawati, Dewi; Patel, Shailesh Kumar; Tiwari, Ruchi; Dhama, Kuldeep; Harapan, Harapan

doi:10.1002/rmv.2123

Cited by 77 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 114 publications

(136 reference statements)

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“…One of the main mechanisms of escape by viruses, especially SARS-CoV, is the inhibition of IFN production as an anti-viral cytokine [ 133 , 134 ]. Membrane proteins of SARS-CoV can suppress adaptor molecules in the downstream of the IRFs signaling pathway, resulting in decreased IRF3/IRF7 transcription factor translocation and expression [ 135 ]. It is well known that cathepsins and proteasomes play the crucial roles in the MHC-I and -II pathways and processing of viral protein antigens.…”

Section: Influenza Virus and Sars-cov-2 Immune Evasion Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunopathological similarities between COVID-19 and influenza: Investigating the consequences of Co-infection

Khorramdelazad

Kazemi

Najafi

et al. 2021

Microbial Pathogenesis

102

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been a global public health emergency since December 2019, and so far, more than 980,000 people (until September 24, 2020) around the world have died. SARS-CoV-2 mimics the influenza virus regarding methods and modes of transmission, clinical features, related immune responses, and seasonal coincidence. Accordingly, co-infection by these viruses is imaginable because some studies have reported several cases with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus co-infection. Given the importance of the mentioned co-infection and the coming influenza season, it is essential to recognize the similarities and differences between the symptoms and pathogenesis of these two viruses and immunopathogenesis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus. Therefore, we reviewed the virology, clinical features, and immunopathogenesis of both influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 and evaluated outcomes in cases with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus co-infection.

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Section: Influenza Virus and Sars-cov-2 Immune Evasion Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunopathological similarities between COVID-19 and influenza: Investigating the consequences of Co-infection

Khorramdelazad

Kazemi

Najafi

et al. 2021

Microbial Pathogenesis

102

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“…However, the authors reported that CP treatment is potentially beneficial to critically ill patients by suggesting a possible antiviral efficiency of high titer of nAbs. Notably, there are clinical controversies, ethical issues, and potential risks associated with convalescent plasma therapy (275), such as the possibility of ADE development, exacerbating the disease severity, and causing a significant illness in future exposure to coronaviruses infection (268,276,277) (REF). Divergences between studies may be caused by variations in the composition of CP, which is highly variable and includes a variety of blood-derived components, timing of CP administration, titer of the specific antibody in administered plasma, and presence of blood borne pathogens (268).…”

Section: Antibody-based Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

A 21st Century Evil: Immunopathology and New Therapies of COVID-19

et al. 2020

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Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been classified as a global threat, affecting millions of people and killing thousands. It is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which emerged at the end of 2019 in Wuhan, China, quickly spreading worldwide. COVID-19 is a disease with symptoms that range from fever and breathing difficulty to acute respiratory distress and death, critically affecting older patients and people with previous comorbidities. SARS-CoV-2 uses the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and mainly spreads through the respiratory tract, which it then uses to reach several organs. The immune system of infected patients has been demonstrated to suffer important alterations, such as lymphopenia, exhausted lymphocytes, excessive amounts of inflammatory monocytes and macrophages, especially in the lungs, and cytokine storms, which may contribute to its severity and difficulty of establishing an effective treatment. Even though no specific treatment is currently available, several studies have been investigating potential therapeutic strategies, including the use of previously approved drugs and immunotherapy. In this context, this review addresses the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and the patient's host immune system during infection, in addition to discussing the main immunopathological mechanisms involved in the development of the disease and potential new therapeutic approaches.

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“…The search for effective therapies and vaccines is going on worldwide (7)(8)(9)(10). The large number of fatalities caused by SARS-CoV-2 attests to the severe global impact of the pandemic, irrespective of age, race, sex, and physiological conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geriatric Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Problems, Considerations, Exigencies, and Beyond

Dhama

Patel

Kumar

et al. 2020

Front. Public Health

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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic wreaked havoc worldwide, with more than 20 million confirmed cases and nearly 0. 75 million deaths as of 10th August 2020. Various factors determine the severity and symptoms of this infection. Older age and underlying diseases are the challenges being faced in controlling and treating COVID-19. In 2019, 703 million of the global population was older than 65 years of age. The estimated mortality due to COVID-19 in people older than 76 years of age is reportedly 18%. Frequent infections in older people, higher disease severity, and increased mortality are major challenges in the implementation of appropriate preventive measures and future strategies to protect against this disease in geriatric population. Poor health status, weak immune function, lowered organ function, increased probability of multiple underlying diseases, and poor attention to personal health can increase the susceptibility to various diseases in the geriatric population. Concerning inadequate immunity, the decrease expression of receptors and exaggerated pathophysiologic responses can be debilitating. However, future studies will reveal the hidden facets in these aspects in this COVID-19 catastrophe. In this article, we reviewed the main concerns of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the geriatric population, including the risk of acquiring severe COVID-19 resulting in mortality, variation in clinical manifestations, and other pandemic-related concerns. We also discussed the need for increasing attention toward the elderly, taking appropriate prevention and control measures, and considering geriatric-related adjustments in vaccine design and development.

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Immunopathology and immunotherapeutic strategies in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection

Cited by 77 publications

References 114 publications

Immunopathological similarities between COVID-19 and influenza: Investigating the consequences of Co-infection

Immunopathological similarities between COVID-19 and influenza: Investigating the consequences of Co-infection

A 21st Century Evil: Immunopathology and New Therapies of COVID-19

Geriatric Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Problems, Considerations, Exigencies, and Beyond

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