Immunopharmacological perspective on zinc in SARS-CoV-2 infection

Asl, Sima Heydarzadeh; Nikfarjam, Sepideh; Zolbanin, Naime Majidi; Nassiri, Reza; Jafari, Reza

doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107630

Cited by 31 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 148 publications

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“…The antiviral properties of Zn have been investigated with coronaviruses, hepatitis C virus, and HIV (Barocas et al 2019;Read et al 2019). Researchers recommend Zn with antiviral medications to manage COVID-19 (Asl et al 2021). While only 3% of our COVID-19 patients had Cu deficiency (\ 0.18 lg/mL), a higher percentage of patients (25%) were Zn deficient (\ 0.693 lg/mL).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Essential metals, vitamins and antioxidant enzyme activities in COVID-19 patients and their potential associations with the disease severity

et al. 2022

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The role of micronutrient deficiency in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 has been reviewed in the literature; however, the data are limited and conflicting. This study investigated the association between the status of essential metals, vitamins, and antioxidant enzyme activities in COVID-19 patients and disease severity. We recruited 155 patients, who were grouped into four classes based on the Adults guideline for the Management of Coronavirus Disease 2019 at King Faisal Specialist & Research Centre (KFSH&RC): asymptomatic (N = 16), mild (N = 49), moderate (N = 68), and severe (N = 22). We measured serum levels of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), vitamin D 3 , vitamin A, vitamin E, total antioxidant capacity, and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Among the patients, 30%, 25%, 37%, and 68% were deficient in Se (\ 70.08 lg/L), Zn (\ 0.693 lg/mL), vitamin A (\ 0.343 lg/mL), and vitamin D 3 (\ 20.05 lg/L), respectively, and SOD activity was low. Among the patients, 28% had elevated Cu levels ([ 1.401 lg/mL, KFSH&RC upper reference limit). Multiple regression analysis revealed an 18% decrease in Se levels in patients with severe symptoms, which increased to 30% after adjusting the model for inflammatory markers. Regardless of inflammation, Se was independently associated with COVID-19 severity. In contrast, a 50% increase in Cu levels was associated with disease severity only after adjusting for C-reactive protein, reflecting its possible inflammatory and pro-oxidant role in COVID-19 pathogenesis. We noted an imbalance in the ratio between Cu and Zn, with * 83% of

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Essential metals, vitamins and antioxidant enzyme activities in COVID-19 patients and their potential associations with the disease severity

et al. 2022

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“…In the set of observational studies, some confounding factors are related to the lack of knowledge on the nutritional status previous to the infection. For example, in the context of an inflammatory state, several mechanisms could be responsible for a decrease of serum 25(OH)D and plasma zinc, resulting in speculation that these events might be the cause or the consequence of inflammatory diseases [155,156]. Thus, the measurements of most micronutrient biomarkers during the acute-phase response should be evaluated with caution, taking into consideration a possible reverse causality.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some authors found low levels of serum zinc in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy individuals [119,120,123]. These low zinc levels may have originated from a previous deficiency or may have been caused or aggravated by the infection itself, since there is a competition for zinc between host and pathogens and zinc redistribution during inflammatory response [156]. However, evidence shows that low baseline zinc levels are associated with higher complication rates and poor outcomes, independent of its cause.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional risk of vitamin D, vitamin C, zinc, and selenium deficiency on risk and clinical outcomes of COVID-19: A narrative review

Pedrosa

Barros

Leite-Lais

2022

Clinical Nutrition ESPEN

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The pathogenicity of the current coronavirus disease shows postulates that optimal status of essential nutrients is crucial in supporting both the early viraemic and later hyperinflammatory phases of COVID-19. Micronutrients such as vitamin C, D, zinc, and selenium play roles in antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antithrombotic, antiviral, and immuno-modulatory functions and are useful in both innate and adaptive immunity. The purpose of this review is to provide a high-level summary of evidence on clinical outcomes associated with nutritional risk of these micronutrients observed in patients with COVID-19. A literature search was performed on PubMed and Google Scholar to obtain findings of crosssectional and experimental studies in humans. The search resulted in a total of 1212 reports including all nutrients, but only 85 were included according to the eligibility criteria. Despite the diversity of studies and the lack of randomized clinical trials and prospective cohorts, there is evidence of the potential protective and therapeutic roles of vitamin C, D, zinc, and selenium in COVID-19. The findings summarized in this review will contribute to guide interventions in clinical practice or in future clinical studies.

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“…As Zn is a cofactor in several metalloenzymes, the integrity of immune barriers is preserved by Zn, subsequently improving the cytotoxic activity of NKCs, thus, maintaining cellular functions, as for example, the differentiation of innate immune cells [48] , [56] , [57] , [58] . In terms of SARS-CoV-2, both free Zn 2+ and Zn-coordinating compounds can effectively act to inhibit virus activity [50] , [59] , [60] , [61] . In fact, through a SARS-CoV-2 infection, the elongation phase of RNA synthesis, which changes the activity of RdRp (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase), is inhibited by Zn due to its effect on mold binding, thus, affecting SARS-CoV-2 replication [5] , [48] , [49] , [62] , [63] .…”

Section: Trace Elements Homeostasis and Viral Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this context, Zn has distinct functions involved in the antioxidant process, modulating the inflammatory response, and increasing the antiviral mechanism. Although more confirmatory evidence is needed, it is believed that Zn can be considered for adjuvant protective therapy against viral infections [5] , [48] , [50] , [59] , [60] , [61] . Therefore, Zn supplementation may be of great importance in the treatment of COVID-19, regulating basic cell functions, such as cell division and cell activation, thus, playing an important role in both innate and adaptative immunity against viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2 [5] , [61] .…”

Section: Trace Elements Homeostasis and Viral Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trace element homeostasis in the neurological system after SARS-CoV-2 infection: Insight into potential biochemical mechanisms

Jesus

Galazzi²,

Júnior

et al. 2022

Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology

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Immunopharmacological perspective on zinc in SARS-CoV-2 infection

Cited by 31 publications

References 148 publications

Essential metals, vitamins and antioxidant enzyme activities in COVID-19 patients and their potential associations with the disease severity

Essential metals, vitamins and antioxidant enzyme activities in COVID-19 patients and their potential associations with the disease severity

Nutritional risk of vitamin D, vitamin C, zinc, and selenium deficiency on risk and clinical outcomes of COVID-19: A narrative review

Trace element homeostasis in the neurological system after SARS-CoV-2 infection: Insight into potential biochemical mechanisms

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