“…Similarly, in the field of GI endoscopy, the authors propose rapid development of 'endoscopic molecular imaging', which is considered to be divided into three categories: (a) visualization of cell morphology on the micro to nano level; (b) reflection of spectroscopic characteristics; and (c) visualization of molecular characteristics. The future of endoscopic diagnosis is likely to be affected by a combination of biomarkers and technology (Takayama et al, 1998), and 'endoscopic molecular imaging' would be defined as (c), which has been described as 'immunoscopy' (Keller et al, 1998), 'bioendoscopy' (Pasricha & Motamedi, 2002), and 'optical biopsy' (Fujimoto et al, 1995). These innovations will allow us not only to locate a tumor but also useful to 1) differentiate malignant and benign polyps and ulcers, 2) minimize number of biopsies and frequency of surveillance, 3) accurate preoperative identification of tumor margin, 4) evaluate effectiveness of pharmacological therapy, 5) detect local dysplasia in Barrett's mucosa or ulcerative colitis.…”