Immunostimulant Activity of Marchantia paleacea Bertol. Herb Liverwort Ethanol Extract in BALB/c Mice

Abstract

Immunostimulants are compounds that can stimulate an immune response by increasing the activity of non-specific and specific components of the immune system (humoral and cellular) against certain infections and diseases. The liverwort plant species Marchantia paleacea Bertol. has long been used as a source of nutrition and empirical medicine. However, scientifically there is still not much research data on immunomodulators in these plants. This study aims to determine the activity of immunomodulators in the ethanol extract of the herb Marchantia paleacea Bertol. in male mice of BALB/c strain. Bioactive compounds from this plant were extracted by maceration method using 96% ethanol. Extract characterization and phytochemical screening were determined according to WHO guidelines and standard procedures from previous studies. The immunomodulatory activity of the extract was tested by carbon clearance method and lymphoid organ index (non-specific responses), primary and secondary antibody titer tests (humoral specific responses), IL-2 cytokine levels and IFN-ɣ from serum secondary antibodies and delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction/DTH (cellular specific response). The results of qualitative phytochemical screening contained flavonoid compounds, saponins, phenolics, tannins and steroids/triterpenoids. The results of the non-specific immune response immunomodulator test showed that the dose of 52 mg/kg bw had the largest phagocytic index of 1.52 which included strong immunostimulation (K > 1.5) and the organ spleen index of 0.55 ± 0.11 which increased significantly compared to the control (p<0.05). The data on the acquisition of specific immune responses in the primary and secondary antibody titer test in the three test extracts resulted in increased titer levels compared to the control and at a dose of 52 mg/kg bw could significantly increase the levels of IL-2 cytokines in the control group (p<0,05). Meanwhile, in the DTH test, doses of 13 and 26 mg/kg bw could significantly increase the thickness of the soles of mice compared to controls (p<0.05).

Immunomodulatory activity of Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. flesh and stem fruit juice on mice with carbon clearance and Staphylococcus aures-induced methods

“…This study aims to determine the activity of squeezing the flesh and fruit stems of Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. as a preclinical immunomodulator (in-vivo) in a test animal model of male white mice strain BALB/c using the carbon clearance method [9,30,31]. The test animal used in this study was a BALB/c strain male mice aged ± 10 weeks which is an adult age so that the organ system of the test animal has been well formed and can respond well as well.…”

“…The use of male sex mice is based on this mice having fewer reproductive hormones compared to female mice, so it is hoped that there will be fewer variations that can affect the results of the study [15,32,33]. Various studies on animal models of BALB/c strain mice test for testing immunomodulatory activity have also been widely carried out [9,20,34].…”

“…The importance of the role of immunomodulatory agents that can modulate the immune system, one of which works as an immunostimulant to prevent infection or the severity of infection symptoms (preventive) by stimulating the expression of immune agents of the body, but also acts as an immunosuppressant by lowering the level of immune cells when too much is produced due to infection in the body (curative) depending on the dose given [9,10].Along with the increasing public knowledge and awareness of health and the importance of utilizing various herbal ingredients that have the effect of modulating/improving the immune system. So, many people are trying to use various products from natural ingredients that are increasingly in demand because they are considered safer and more profitable [11].…”

Immunostimulant Activity of Hantap (Sterculia Coccinea Jack) Leaves Extract on Non-Specific and Spesific Immune Responses

“…After 12 h, the blood was taken, the mice were sacrificed, the liver and spleen of the mice were taken and weighed, and the weight of the liver and spleen was recorded. Calculated carbon elimination rate constant (K) and phagocytosis index using the formula [18,19]:…”

Pemberdayaan Kelompok PKK dan Kampung KB dalam Implementasi Protokol Kesehatan, Vaksinasi, dan Pola Hidup Bersih Sehat untuk Memutus Penyebaran Covid-19

“…Banyak hasil penelitian juga menyatakan cara efektif membunuh virus dalam satu menit dapat dilakukan dengan desinfektan atau antiseptik biasa, seperti produk alkohol 70% (hand sanitizer) atau mencuci tangan dengan sabun (Calder, 2020) Pada evaluasi pemahaman kesehatan, sikap, dan perilaku dari hasil skoring pre-test dan posttest yang diperoleh terdapat peningkatan yang signifikan seperti yang terlihat pada Tabel 3. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa hampir seluruh peserta kader kelompok PKK dan Kampung KB telah mengalami peningkatan pemahaman kesehatan terkait dengan seluruh materi yang diberikan, termasuk bagaimana mengelola secara sederhana untuk limbah masker medis dan membuat minuman tradisional herbal sederhana sebagai imunostimulan (imunomodulator) untuk meningkatkan sistem imunitas tubuh (Dewi & Rusita, 2017;Kusmiyati, et al, 2021;Purkon, et al, 2021). Peningkatan kualitas gaya hidup sehat dan bersih bukanlah hal yang cukup mudah, karena dibutuhkan kemauan dan kesadaran pada masyarakat tentang pentingnya memiliki Pola Hidup Bersih dan Sehat (PHBS) sehingga bagi tim pengabdian kepada masyarakat memerlukan suatu pendekatan dan strategi tertentu untuk membantu komunitas/ individu tertentu (Umaroh, et al, 2021).…”