Immunosuppression during<i>Rhizobium</i>-legume symbiosis

Luo, Li; Lü, Dawei

doi:10.4161/psb.28197

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Rhizobia can adopt a pathogenic system that stimulates their legume hosts to initiate symbiotic programmes 34 , and the local immune suppression in host legumes induced by rhizobia is essential for the establishment of symbiosis 53 . In addition to NFs, T3SS has been reported to affect symbiosis with host legumes 34 and is known as an introducer of virulence factors from plant pathogens 54 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rhizobia T3SS can inject effector proteins into host cells to modulate nodulation signalling towards nodulation and abort the nodulation process by the host legume defence system 34 . Other microbe/pathogen-associated molecular pattern (M/PAMP), such as chitin (Chemical compound), an NF analogue, can induce the M/PAMP-triggered susceptibility (M/PTS) of host legumes to rhizobia, and legumes will evolve cell-surface pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) 53 55 . However, little is known about whether nodule development and senescence are directly associated with the plant immunity defence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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RNA-Seq analysis of nodule development at five different developmental stages of soybean (Glycine max) inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain 113-2

Yuan

Chen

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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Nodule development directly affects nitrogen fixation efficiency during soybean growth. Although abundant genome-based information related to nodule development has been released and some studies have reported the molecular mechanisms that regulate nodule development, information on the way nodule genes operate in nodule development at different developmental stages of soybean is limited. In this report, notably different nodulation phenotypes in soybean roots inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain 113-2 at five developmental stages (branching stage, flowering stage, fruiting stage, pod stage and harvest stage) were shown, and the expression of nodule genes at these five stages was assessed quantitatively using RNA-Seq. Ten comparisons were made between these developmental periods, and their differentially expressed genes were analysed. Some important genes were identified, primarily encoding symbiotic nitrogen fixation-related proteins, cysteine proteases, cystatins and cysteine-rich proteins, as well as proteins involving plant-pathogen interactions. There were no significant shifts in the distribution of most GO functional annotation terms and KEGG pathway enrichment terms between these five development stages. A cystatin Glyma18g12240 was firstly identified from our RNA-seq, and was likely to promote nodulation and delay nodule senescence. This study provides molecular material for further investigations into the mechanisms of nitrogen fixation at different soybean developmental stages.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RNA-Seq analysis of nodule development at five different developmental stages of soybean (Glycine max) inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain 113-2

Yuan

Chen

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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“…After rhizobia division ceases, the bacteria differentiate into nitrogen-fixing bacteroids. Plant defense reactions are suppressed or attenuated during the infection process (Mithöfer, 2002 ; Luo and Lu, 2014 ) or evaded (Saeki, 2011 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Symbiosome: Legume and Rhizobia Co-evolution toward a Nitrogen-Fixing Organelle?

et al. 2018

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In legume nodules, symbiosomes containing endosymbiotic rhizobial bacteria act as temporary plant organelles that are responsible for nitrogen fixation, these bacteria develop mutual metabolic dependence with the host legume. In most legumes, the rhizobia infect post-mitotic cells that have lost their ability to divide, although in some nodules cells do maintain their mitotic capacity after infection. Here, we review what is currently known about legume symbiosomes from an evolutionary and developmental perspective, and in the context of the different interactions between diazotroph bacteria and eukaryotes. As a result, it can be concluded that the symbiosome possesses organelle-like characteristics due to its metabolic behavior, the composite origin and differentiation of its membrane, the retargeting of host cell proteins, the control of microsymbiont proliferation and differentiation by the host legume, and the cytoskeletal dynamics and symbiosome segregation during the division of rhizobia-infected cells. Different degrees of symbiosome evolution can be defined, specifically in relation to rhizobial infection and to the different types of nodule. Thus, our current understanding of the symbiosome suggests that it might be considered a nitrogen-fixing link in organelle evolution and that the distinct types of legume symbiosomes could represent different evolutionary stages toward the generation of a nitrogen-fixing organelle.

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“…Plant endophytes alter host physiology and metabolism, in some instances to promote host defense (see earlier), and in others to ensure their own propagation—for example by associating with seeds or pollen, 33,61 and also by suppressing host immunity 62 . Indeed, local immunosuppression is essential for maintenance of Rhizobium –legume symbiosis 63 …”

Section: The Enemy Within: Behavioral Changes and Immunosuppressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From conifers to cognition: Microbes, brain and behavior

Lathe

Clair

2020

Genes Brain and Behavior

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A diversity of bacteria, protozoans and viruses (“endozoites”) were recently uncovered within healthy tissues including the human brain. By contrast, it was already recognized a century ago that healthy plants tissues contain abundant endogenous microbes (“endophytes”). Taking endophytes as an informative precedent, we overview the nature, prevalence, and role of endozoites in mammalian tissues, centrally focusing on the brain, concluding that endozoites are ubiquitous in diverse tissues. These passengers often remain subclinical, but they are not silent. We address their routes of entry, mechanisms of persistence, tissue specificity, and potential to cause long‐term behavioral changes and/or immunosuppression in mammals, where rabies virus is the exemplar. We extend the discussion to Herpesviridae, Coronaviridae, and Toxoplasma, as well as to diverse bacteria and yeasts, and debate the advantages and disadvantages that endozoite infection might afford to the host and to the ecosystem. We provide a clinical perspective in which endozoites are implicated in neurodegenerative disease, anxiety/depression, and schizophrenia. We conclude that endozoites are instrumental in the delicate balance between health and disease, including age‐related brain disease, and that endozoites have played an important role in the evolution of brain function and human behavior.

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Immunosuppression duringRhizobium-legume symbiosis

Cited by 14 publications

References 29 publications

RNA-Seq analysis of nodule development at five different developmental stages of soybean (Glycine max) inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain 113-2

RNA-Seq analysis of nodule development at five different developmental stages of soybean (Glycine max) inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain 113-2

The Symbiosome: Legume and Rhizobia Co-evolution toward a Nitrogen-Fixing Organelle?

From conifers to cognition: Microbes, brain and behavior

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