2023
DOI: 10.3390/medicina59030601
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Immunosuppressive Agent Options for Primary Nephrotic Syndrome: A Review of Network Meta-Analyses and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

Abstract: Therapeutic options with immunosuppressive agents for glomerular diseases have widened with refinements to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines from 2012 to 2021. However, international guidelines do not necessarily match the reality in each country. Expensive therapies such as rituximab and calcineurin inhibitors are sometimes inaccessible to patients with refractory nephrotic syndrome due to cost or regulations. Under the Japanese medical insurance system, rituximab is accessible b… Show more

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Cited by 4 publications
(4 citation statements)
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“…Further studies on adverse effects secondary to the immunosuppressive agents and not disease progression is also necessary to identify the safety profile of immunosuppressive agents used. Only then can the treatment risk be appropriately weighed against the likely benefits according to individual patient factors and drug exposures [ 20 ], including comorbid conditions, age, immunological complications and risk of malignancy.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…Further studies on adverse effects secondary to the immunosuppressive agents and not disease progression is also necessary to identify the safety profile of immunosuppressive agents used. Only then can the treatment risk be appropriately weighed against the likely benefits according to individual patient factors and drug exposures [ 20 ], including comorbid conditions, age, immunological complications and risk of malignancy.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…With the introduction of immunosuppressants, multiple studies evaluating the efficacy of one agent over the other were established. The use of rituximab for steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome is increasing, while alternatives such as cyclophosphamide, calcineurin inhibitors, and mycophenolate mofetil have also been recommended as the preferred medications in different clinical trials [ 20 ]. For patients with SDNS/FRNS, a network meta-analysis for children suggests that cyclophosphamide may be preferred initially while chlorambucil and rituximab may be acceptable medications [ 21 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The incidence of NS varies from 0.6 to 1.2 cases per 100,000 adults. 2 Steroids are routinely used for treating NS but with limited success in adult patients. Furthermore, steroid-resistant NS is emerging, usually progressing to end-stage renal disease/renal failure within 5− 10 years.…”
Section: ■ Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Clinically, NS is characterized by heavy proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia, along with edema and hyperlipidemia. The incidence of NS varies from 0.6 to 1.2 cases per 100,000 adults . Steroids are routinely used for treating NS but with limited success in adult patients.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%