Immunotherapy and its advances in the management of head-and-neck cancer

Adaptations and Advancement of Biologic Immunotherapy in the Management of Immunologically Cold Solid Malignancies

“…Through demethylation of silenced antigen codons common to tumours clonally selected for immune resistance, DNA methyltransferase inhibitor drugs ( i.e., decitabine) have been reported in literature to introduce open transcription frames correlative to subsequent tumour production of highly immune active and targetable peptides. 35 Additionally, a majority of currently available epigenetic drugs (DNA methyltransferase inhibitors and histone-lysine N-methyltransferase EZH2 inhibitors) are well-replicated as being able to significantly reduce silencing of intratumoural TH1-response cytokines, a process that heavily regulates CD8+ T cell infiltration associated with impaired patient prognoses. 36 Therefore, without inducing detectable chemotherapeutic damage into host systems or tumour cells directly, epigenetic drugs and demethylating agents at present appear to nonetheless carry significant promise in cold cancer immunotherapy supplementation.…”

“…Precise mechanisms of reliably generalised immune protective effects remain under investigation, although some recent studies suggest that exaggerated posttreatment increases cold tumour-specific CD103+/CD141+ murine and human protein, quantities which are relatively less scarce in these CD3+/CD4+/CD8+ immune-ignorant tumoural populations. 35 Emerging work into the dynamic interplay of tumour microenvironments with systemically administered tailorable immunotherapies has yielded encouraging findings. Through combination regimens of localised immune response stimulatory agents (i.e., inactivated viral vaccine), an early-phase clinical trial which co-administered anti-PD-1 antibody (pembrolizumab) has reported productive utility for the transformation of low immune activity neoplasms into more targetable levels of immune infiltration and drug modifiable expression.…”

“…Initial results have indicated satisfactory patient treatment safety and moderate improvements in participants' prognoses and disease progression, which is especially important given the high aggressiveness in both melanoma and secondary squamous tumour behaviours. 35 Recent biological methods of tumour antigen expansion have increased the attention for the synthesis and patient personalisation of so-called cancer vaccines, where samples of allogenic inactivated target tumour antigen may be tailored and presented to host immune resources prior to the induction of more standard immunotherapeutic methods.…”