Immunotoxicologic evaluation of chlorine-based drinking water disinfectants, sodium hypochlorite and monochloramine

Exon, Jerry H.; Koller, Loren D.; O'Reilly, Connie A.; Bercz, J. Peter

doi:10.1016/0300-483x(87)90028-x

Cited by 25 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Although CPA was associated with a higher risk of developing asthma and elevated eNO, the opposite relationship was found with total serum IgE, which actually decreased with increasing CPA. We have presently no explanation for this decrease in serum IgE, which perhaps might reflect an immunotoxic action of chlorination by-products ( Exon et al 1987 ). Interestingly, several factors related to hygiene and infections were also found to influence specific IgE in serum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Chlorinated Pool Attendance, Atopy, and the Risk of Asthma during Childhood

Bernard

Carbonnelle

Burbure

et al. 2006

Environ Health Perspect

182

181

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The pool chlorine hypothesis postulates that the rise in childhood asthma in the developed world could result at least partly from the increasing exposure of children to toxic gases and aerosols contaminating the air of indoor chlorinated pools. To further assess this hypothesis, we explored the relationships between childhood asthma, atopy, and cumulated pool attendance (CPA). We studied 341 schoolchildren 10–13 years of age who attended at a variable rate the same public pool in Brussels (trichloramine in air, 0.3–0.5 mg/m3). Examination of the children included a questionnaire, an exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) test, and the measurement of exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) and total and aeroallergen-specific serum IgE. CPA by children (range, 0–1,818 hr) emerged among the most consistent predictors of asthma (doctor diagnosed or screened with the EIB test) and of elevated eNO, ranking immediately after atopy and family history of asthma or hay fever. Although the risk of elevated eNO increased with CPA [odds ratio (OR) = 1.30; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.10–1.43] independently of total or specific serum IgE, the probability of developing asthma increased with CPA only in children with serum IgE > 100 kIU/L (OR for each 100-hr increase in CPA = 1.79; 95% CI, 1.07–2.72). All these effects were dose related and most strongly linked to pool attendance before 6–7 years of age. Use of indoor chlorinated pools especially by young children interacts with atopic status to promote the development of childhood asthma. These findings further support the hypothesis implicating pool chlorine in the rise of childhood asthma in industrialized countries.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Chlorinated Pool Attendance, Atopy, and the Risk of Asthma during Childhood

Bernard

Carbonnelle

Burbure

et al. 2006

Environ Health Perspect

182

181

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“…Four hundred microliter aliquots were used for TOMA treatment and counts of viable bacteria were enumerated by plating. Chlorine treatment : The method described by Exon, Koller, O’Reilly, and Bercz () was used with some modifications. Sodium hypochlorite (Sigma‐Aldrich Chemical Co., 10.8% chlorine) was added to different diluted exponential phase of E. coli O157:H7 cells with the presence of 200 mg/l chlorine.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular monitoring of disinfection efficacy of E. coli O157:H7 in bottled purified drinking water by quantitative PCR with a novel dye

Cao

Zhou²,

et al. 2019

J Food Process Preserv

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A new method was developed using a novel dye thiazole orange monoazide (TOMA) combined with quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) to detect viable Escherichia coli O157:H7 cells. Different from the commonly used PMA‐qPCR assay that is based on membrane integrity, this TOMA‐qPCR method is based on the concept of metabolic activity. TOMA consists of three components: a nucleic acid‐intercalating moiety, a crosslinkable moiety and a linker. TOMA concentration at 50 μg/ml, 20 min incubation time, and 30 min light exposure time were suggested to use for detecting viable cells. When the inoculum concentration was 103 CFU/100 ml, TOMA‐qPCR assay could completely exclude the effect of dead cells treated with heat, chlorine, or UV. Moreover, TOMA‐qPCR could also be used to detect viable but nonculturable state (VBNC) cells. The result shows that TOMA‐qPCR would be an alternative choice for the detection of viable cells. Practical applications To specifically detect only viable cells is of great importance in most detection of microbial diagnostics, especially for detection of foodborne pathogens such as E. coli O157:H7, which could cause health risk at low concentrations. The existing detection methods have some defects in detecting only viable cells. In this article, a novel dye was developed and combined with qPCR, to monitor sanitizing efficacy of different disinfection methods on E. coli O157:H7 at low concentrations. When detecting viable E. coli in bottled water, the established TOMA‐qPCR assay completely exclude the effect of dead cells when the inoculated concentration is 103 CFU/100 ml. This method is also suitable for the detection of VBNC samples. Therefore, this method can be used to detect pathogenic bacteria with low contamination under extreme conditions such as low temperature, oligotrophic, strong radiation, and so on.

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“…Earlier studies in mice and rats exploring the potential of immunotoxicity of bromochloromethane and other disinfection by-products (DBPs) did not reveal any major effects on cellular or humoral immunity [17,18]. Other research using experimental animals, however, reported a suppressive effect of chlorine-based drinking water on macrophage function [19,20]. The intracellular redox status experiences depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) [12].…”

Section: Effects Of Chlorinated Water On Our Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is There a Role for Environmental and Metabolic Factors Predisposing to Severe COVID-19?

Bornstein

Voit-Bak²,

Schmidt³

et al. 2020

Horm Metab Res

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The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic affects people around the world. However, there have been striking differences in the number of infected individuals and deaths in different countries. Particularly, within Central Europe in countries that are similar in ethnicity, age, and medical standards and have performed similar steps of containment, such differences in mortality rates remain inexplicable. We suggest to consider and explore environmental factors to explain these intriguing variations. Countries like Northern Italy, France, Spain, and UK have suffered from 5 times more deaths from the corona virus infection than neighboring countries like Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and Denmark related to the size of their respective populations. There is a striking correlation between the level of environmental pollutants including pesticides, dioxins, and air pollution such as NO2 known to affect immune function and healthy metabolism with the rate of mortality in COVID-19 pandemic in these European countries. There is also a correlation with the use of chlorination of drinking water in these regions. In addition to the improvement of environmental protective programs, there are possibilities to lower the blood levels of these pollutants by therapeutic apheresis. Furthermore, therapeutic apheresis might be an effective method to improve metabolic inflammation, altered vascular perfusion, and neurodegeneration observed as long-term complications of COVID-19 disease.

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Immunotoxicologic evaluation of chlorine-based drinking water disinfectants, sodium hypochlorite and monochloramine

Cited by 25 publications

References 13 publications

Chlorinated Pool Attendance, Atopy, and the Risk of Asthma during Childhood

Chlorinated Pool Attendance, Atopy, and the Risk of Asthma during Childhood

Molecular monitoring of disinfection efficacy of E. coli O157:H7 in bottled purified drinking water by quantitative PCR with a novel dye

Is There a Role for Environmental and Metabolic Factors Predisposing to Severe COVID-19?

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