Impact Forces during Heel-Toe Running

Nigg, Benno M.; Cole, Gerald K.; Brüggemann, Gert–Peter

doi:10.1123/jab.11.4.407

Cited by 115 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…11,14 This is consistent with finding a lower peak magnitude of vGRF with FFS with this patient. Multiple loading parameters interact in a complex manner to determine risk of injury.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

The effects of altering initial ground contact in the running gait of an individual with transtibial amputation

Waetjen

Parker

Wilken

2012

Prosthetics &Amp; Orthotics International

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Background: High rates of osteoarthritis of the knee joint of the intact limb in persons with amputation have raised concern about the long-term consequence of running. The purpose of this intervention was to determine if loading of the knee on the intact limb of a person with transtibial amputation during running could be decreased by changing the intact limb initial ground contact from rear foot to forefoot strike. Case Description and Methods: This study compared kinematic, kinetic and temporal-spatial data collected while a 27-yearold male, who sustained a traumatic unilateral transtibial amputation of the left lower extremity, ran using a forefoot ground contact and again while using a heel first ground contact. Findings and Outcomes: Changing initial ground contact from rear foot strike to forefoot strike resulted in decreases in vertical ground reaction forces at impact, peak knee moments in stance, peak knee powers, and improved symmetry in step length. Conclusion: This case suggests forefoot initial contact of the intact limb may minimize loading of the knee on the intact limb in individuals with transtibial amputation. Clinical relevanceIndividuals with transtibial amputation may decrease their already elevated risk for osteoarthritis by decreasing the loading forces on the knee of the intact limb when running with a forefoot ground contact.

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“…11,14 This is consistent with finding a lower peak magnitude of vGRF with FFS with this patient. Multiple loading parameters interact in a complex manner to determine risk of injury.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

The effects of altering initial ground contact in the running gait of an individual with transtibial amputation

Waetjen

Parker

Wilken

2012

Prosthetics &Amp; Orthotics International

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“…Investigation on the relationship between the impact load and kinematic parameters will exhibit biomechanical reasons why the impact force and the loading rate did not increase consistently as the grade increased. It was reported in the previous studies (Nigg et al, 1995a;Gerritsen et al, 1995;Derrick et al, 1998) that the impact force and loading rate in running were affected by the kinetic energy of the whole body at the foot contact and the knee fl exion just after the foot contact. The result that the peak loading rate showed signifi cant partial correlations with Von and the time from the foot contact to peak knee fl exion velocity (TPKFV) indicates that the loading rate increased with the increase in Von and with the decrease in TPKFV regardless of the grade ( Table 2).…”

Section: Impact Force and Leg Motion In Downhill Runningmentioning

confidence: 98%

Kinetic Characteristics of Distance Running on Downhill Slope

Yokozawa

Fujii

2005

Int. J. Sport Health Sci.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate kinetic characteristics such as ground reaction forces (GRFs) and joint torques of the lower limb joints in downhill running for distance runners on overground. Six male distance runners were asked to run at three running speeds (3.3, 4.2, and 5.0 m/s) on the slopes of different grades (0, -3.2, -6.4, and -9.1 %) in which two force platforms were mounted. A two dimensional link model was used to calculate joint torques and joint powers of the lower limb joints. In spite that the downward velocity of the CG at the foot contact increased consistently as the grade increased, the impact peak of vertical GRF and the peak loading rate defi ned as maximum rate of change of the vertical GRF did not increase consistently as the grade increased. The runners on steep downhill conditions would be able to avoid excessive impact load by contacting with the ground in more extended hip position and increasing knee fl exion velocity after the foot contact. The negative power of the knee after the foot contact was larger for -9.1 % downhill than the level condition, which revealed the eccentric load on the knee extensors increased in the steep downhill condition. The hip extensors exerted negative power with hip fl exion just after the foot contact in -6.4 and -9.1 % downhill conditions so that the runners could absorb the impact force and mechanical energy.

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“…Various methods have been used to determine personalised inertia parameters including geometric models of body segments (Hatze, 1980, Jensen, 1978, Yeadon, 1990b. During an impact such as heel strike in running the skeletal structures of the body experience high accelerations whereas the soft tissue acceleration is delayed (Nigg et al, 1995). As a consequence the approximation of the human body as a system of linked rigid segments is only justifiable for movements that are not too rapid (Denoth et al, 1985).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of subject-specific model parameters for visco-elastic elements

Wilson

King

Yeadon

2006

Journal of Biomechanics

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The determination of subject-specific model parameter values is necessary in order for a computer simulation model of human motion to be evaluated quantitatively. This study used an optimisation procedure along with a kinematically-driven simulation model of the contact phase in running jumps to determine the elastic parameters of segmental wobbling masses and the foot-ground interface. Kinetic and kinematic data were obtained on a running jump for height and a running jump for distance performed by an elite male high jumper. Stiffness and damping coefficients of the visco-elastic elements in the model were varied until the difference between simulation and performance was minimised. Percentage differences of 6% and 9% between the simulated and recorded performances were obtained in the jumps for height and distance respectively. When the parameters obtained from the jump for height were used in a simulation of the jump for distance (and vice versa) there was poor agreement with the recorded jump. On the other hand a common set of visco-elastic parameters were obtained using the data from both recorded jumps resulting in a mean difference of only 8% (made up of 7% and 10%) between simulation and performance that was almost as good as the individual matches. Simulations were not overly sensitive to perturbations of the common set of visco-elastic parameters. It is concluded that subject-specific elastic parameters should be calculated from more than a single jump in order to provide a robust set of values that can be used in different simulations.

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Impact Forces during Heel-Toe Running

Cited by 115 publications

References 83 publications

The effects of altering initial ground contact in the running gait of an individual with transtibial amputation

The effects of altering initial ground contact in the running gait of an individual with transtibial amputation

Kinetic Characteristics of Distance Running on Downhill Slope

Determination of subject-specific model parameters for visco-elastic elements

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