Impact forces upon landing single, double, and triple revolution jumps in figure skaters

Lockwood, K.; Gervais, Pierre

doi:10.1016/s0268-0033(97)88322-2

Cited by 19 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…This method is also easier to duplicate than the QS condition and, therefore, is the method that will be used in future iterations of this project. Using the drop calibration method, preliminary measurement of on-ice forces for a double flip jump were approximately 4 times body weight, which is on the lower end of several previous indirect estimates of on-ice landing forces [ 6 , 10 , 11 , 17 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Bruening and Richards [ 6 ] and Kho [ 10 ] both used off-ice jump simulations (landing on a force plate in a lab), finding that skaters may experience peak vertical forces of approximately 5 times their own body weight during each jump landing. Other researchers have attempted to capture on-ice landing impacts using either pressure sensing insoles [ 11 ] or tibial-mounted accelerometers [ 12 ]. However, traditional pressure sensing insoles are difficult to incorporate in a skating boot due to the extremely tight fit of the boots and the bulkiness of the insole and related electronics, which could interfere with the performance of highly technical skating skills.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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IceSense Proof of Concept: Calibrating an Instrumented Figure Skating Blade to Measure On-Ice Forces

Ridge

Bruening

Charles

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Competitive figure skaters often suffer from overuse injuries, which may be due to the high impact forces endured during jump repetitions performed in practice and competition. However, to date, forces during on-ice figure skating have not been quantified due to technological limitations. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal calibration procedure for a previously developed instrumented figure skating blade (IceSense). Initial calibration was performed by collecting data from the blade while 11 skaters performed off-ice jumps, landing on a force plate in the lab. However, mean peak force measurements from the blade were greater than the desired error threshold of ±10%. Therefore, we designed a series of controlled experiments which included measuring forces from a load cell rigidly attached to the top of the blade concurrently with strain data from the strain gauges on the blade. Forces were applied to the blade by adding weight to a drop tower or by manually applying force in a quasi-static manner. Both methods showed similar accuracy, though using the drop tower allowed precise standardization. Therefore, calibration was performed using the weighted drop method. This calibration was applied to strain gauge data from out-of-sample drop trials, resulting in acceptable estimates of peak force (less than 10% error). Using this calibration, we collected data on one figure skater and present results from an exemplar on-ice double flip jump. Using the IceSense device to quantify on-ice forces in a research setting may help inform training, technique, and equipment design.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

IceSense Proof of Concept: Calibrating an Instrumented Figure Skating Blade to Measure On-Ice Forces

Ridge

Bruening

Charles

et al. 2020

Sensors

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“…Due to the continuous development of figure skating with increasing technical and artistic demands, a high prevalence of sport-specific overuse injuries was described, including tendinitis, patellofemoral syndromes and lower back pain, as well as injuries, such as stress fractures and muscle strains [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ]. Increased bone mineral density, trabecular bone mineral density and bone strength due to high impact forces were reported in the landing leg of figure skaters compared to the take-off leg [ 13 , 14 ]. In pairs skating, ice dance and synchronized skating, acute injuries predominate, while in singles skating, overuse injuries are more common than acute injuries [ 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Increases in Pair Skating and Ice Dance at International Championships and Olympic Games

Rauer

Pape

Stehlin

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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In pair skating and ice dance, performance seems to have increased at international competitions, which is potentially associated with changes in athlete age. We hypothesized increasing age, numbers of total points and more complex jumps of the best elite couples at international championships in recent years. Corresponding data were assessed via the results databases of the European and World Championships, as well as the Winter Olympics since 2005. Linear regression statistics were conducted, and significance was assessed via one-way ANOVAs. There were no significant changes in age. Increases in total points were found in both disciplines (World and European Championships both p < 0.001 for both disciplines, Olympics pair skating p = 0.003, ice dance n/a). Significant increases were found in the number of double and triple twist jumps at the European Championships (Double p = 0.046, triple p = 0.041), but not at the World Championships or the Olympics. At the World Championships, single solo jumps decreased (p = 0.031) in favor of triple jumps, which increased (p = 0.020), without a similar effect at the European Championships or Olympics. In conclusion, increases in total points and more complex jumps were observed at international championships without associated changes in age. Attention should be given to possible changes in the incidence of acute and overuse injuries following this development.

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“…The absorption of relatively high forces during landing impacts acts on soft tissue and bones and may result in micro and macro damage to anatomical structures, which may ultimately lead to overuse injuries (Nash, 1988;Nigg & Bobbert, 1990;Zhang, Bates & Dufek, 2000). These loads may be exacerbated through increased jump heights, number of vertical rotations in the air and the number of jumps performed (Grewal et al, 2016;Lockwood & Gervais, 1997;Ortega, Rodriguez Bies, & Berral De La Rosa, 2010;Porter et al, 2007;Weinhandl, Smith & Dugan, 2011;Yeow, Lee, & Goh, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of new Edea and Graf figure skating boots and used Graf boots on the kinetics and kinematics of landing after simulated on-ice jumps

2019

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An increase in training intensity and the number of active participants and competitors in figure skating has been accompanied by an increasing frequency of injuries. The aim of this study was to investigate whether different brands of skates as well as the usage of the skates modify the kinetics and kinematics of the landing impact from a jump. New Graf Edmonton (NG), old used Graf Edmonton (OG) and new Edea Concerto (NE) skates were compared. Twelve participants completed six jump trials from 30 cm and 50 cm high boxes, respectively in all three skates and landed on a section of artificial ice placed on a laboratory floor. Landing kinematics (Oqus4 system, Qualisys, Sweden) and kinetics (force plate: Kistler, Switzerland; insoles: Pedar, Novel, Germany) were examined. Each participant acted as their own control for statistical comparison between the skates. The results confirmed that the kinetics and kinematics of the landing are affected by wearing different skates. During landing impacts in NG, participants had significantly greater dorsiflexion at initial contact (IC) and peak dorsiflexion of the ankle, peak flexion of the knee and also greater in-skate plantar forces (PF) than in NE, which may increase the risk of injury. In OG, participants had significantly greater peak flexion of knee and longer time from IC to first peak dorsiflexion (TP) of the ankle than in NG. The differences observed may be due to the different construction designs, such as height of the heel, used materials, and stiffness of the skates, which may affect injury occurrence.

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Impact forces upon landing single, double, and triple revolution jumps in figure skaters

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

IceSense Proof of Concept: Calibrating an Instrumented Figure Skating Blade to Measure On-Ice Forces

IceSense Proof of Concept: Calibrating an Instrumented Figure Skating Blade to Measure On-Ice Forces

Performance Increases in Pair Skating and Ice Dance at International Championships and Olympic Games

The effects of new Edea and Graf figure skating boots and used Graf boots on the kinetics and kinematics of landing after simulated on-ice jumps

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