Impact of China's COVID-19 prevention and control efforts on outbreaks of influenza

Li, Qian; Wang, Jun; Lv, Haiwei; Lu, Hongzhou

doi:10.5582/bst.2021.01242

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Public might desire more comprehensive information of HFMD by Internet searching affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. According to previous studies, the prevalence of respiratory infectious diseases, such as influenza, varicella, herpes zoster, rubella, and measles, was (Sakamoto et al, 2020;Kies et al, 2021;Veiga et al, 2021;Li et al, 2021;Wan et al, 2021). This might have been due to adherence to non-pharmaceutical interventions and lower non-polio enterovirus activity during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with 2014-2019 (Kuo et al, 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…73 (72.3%) search terms crosscorrelated earlier with HFMD cases during COVID-19, and significant search terms detected in period 2 contain more informative information. Previous studies demonstrated that the prevalence of respiratory infectious diseases reduced during the COVID-19 pandemic, such as influenza, varicella, herpes zoster, rubella, and measles [52][53][54][55][56][57][58]. This might have been due to adherence to non-pharmaceutical interventions and lower non-polio enterovirus activity during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with 2014-2019 [59].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Explanation of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Cases in Japan Using Google Trends Before and During the COVID-19: Infodemiology Study

Niu

Liu

Onishi

et al. 2022

Preprint

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ObjectivesWe aimed to predict the number of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) infections before and during the COVID-19 pandemic using Internet search data.MethodsWe obtained actual HFMD cases from the National Institute of Infectious Disease and Internet search data using Google Trends between 2004 and 2021 in Japan. We calculated the Pearson correlation coefficients between actual HFMD cases and the search topic “HFMD” from 2004 to 2021. We conducted a cross-correlation analysis between the actual HFMD cases and 43 HFMD-related search terms before and during the pandemic. We identified the most significant predictors of HFMD infection using stepwise multiple linear regression.ResultsWe found that actual HFMD cases and Internet search volume peaked around July in most years, except for 2020 and 2021. The search topic “HFMD” presented a strong correlation with actual HFMD cases, but the correlation was weaker in 2004, 2008, and 2020. Results from stepwise multiple linear regression exhibited that the search terms “infect,” “daycare,” “vomit,” “HFMD,” “eczema,” “pain,” and “high fever” were the most significant predictors before the pandemic, while “infect,” “enterovirus,” “herpangina,” “kindergarten,” “myocarditis,” “HFMD,” “contact infection,” “blister,” “high fever” “dermatology,” and “plantar” were the most significant predictors during the pandemic.ConclusionsThe predictors for HFMD infections before and during the COVID-19 pandemic were different. The awareness of HFMD infection in Japan may improved during the COVID-19 pandemic. Continuous monitoring is important to promote public health and prevent resurgence. Public interest reflected in information-seeking behavior can be helpful for public health surveillance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Explanation of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Cases in Japan Using Google Trends Before and During the COVID-19: Infodemiology Study

Niu

Liu

Onishi

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…During the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), many countries have implemented multiple non-pharmaceutical interventions to control pandemic, such as masks wearing, hands washing, tele-working and so on ( 6 ). The comprehensive measures and people's caution could reduce the spread of respiratory infectious diseases ( 7 ). During the COVID-19 pandemic, the positive detection rate of influenza decreased significantly in China, the United States, Australia, Chile and South Africa ( 8 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Epidemiology of Herpangina Children in Tongzhou District, Beijing, China, During 2019-2020

et al. 2022

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BackgroundThe changing pattern of pathogen spectrum causing herpangina in the time of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes on the molecular epidemiology of herpangina children during 2019-2020 in Tongzhou district, Beijing, China.MethodFrom January 2019 to December 2020, children diagnosed with herpangina were recruited by the staff from Tongzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Beijing. Viral RNA extraction from pharyngeal swabs was used for enterovirus (EV) detection and the complete VP1 gene was sequenced. The phylogenetic analysis was performed based on all VP1 sequences for EV genotypes.ResultA total of 1,331 herpangina children were identified during 2019-2020 with 1,121 in 2019 and 210 in 2020, respectively. The predominant epidemic peak of herpangina children was in summer and autumn of 2019, but not observed in 2020. Compared to the number of herpangina children reported in 2019, it decreased sharply in 2020. Among 129 samples tested in 2019, 61 (47.3%) children were detected with EV, while 22.5% (20/89) were positive in 2020. The positive rate for EV increased since June 2019, peaked at August 2019, and decreased continuously until February 2020. No cases were observed from February to July in 2020, and the positive rate of EV rebounded to previous level since August 2020. Four genotypes, including coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6, 9.3%), CV-A4 (7.8%), CV-A10 (2.3%) and CV-A16 (10.1%), were identified in 2019, and only three genotypes, including CV-A6 (9.0%), CV-A10 (6.7%) and CV-A16 (1.1%), were identified in 2020. The phylogenetic analysis showed that all CV-A6 strains from Tongzhou located in Group C, and the predominant strains mainly located in C2-C4 subgroups during 2016-2018 and changed into C1 subgroup during 2018-2020. CV-A16 strains mainly located in Group B, which consisting of strains widely distributed around the world.ConclusionsThe predominant genotypes gradually shifted from CV-A16, CV-A4 and CV-A6 in 2019 to CV-A6 in 2020 under COVID-19 pandemic. Genotype-based surveillance will provide robust evidence and facilitate the development of public health measures.

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“…SARS-CoV-2 and influenza share some aspects of pulmonary symptomatology [5][6][7] and, in the case of co-infection with these two viruses, the prognosis of COVID-19 has been shown to be worse. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] During the COVID-19 pandemic, a significant reduction of influenza cases has been observed worldwide, [17][18][19][20][21][22][23] likely as a result of the social distance measures adopted to contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2 24,25 ; in addition, influenza vaccination has been strongly recommended, 26 mainly to avoid SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus co-infections. It is of particular interest whether influenza vaccination directly affects the severity of COVID-19.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccination against influenza viruses reduces infection, not hospitalization or death, from respiratory COVID‐19: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Pontiroli,

Scovenna,

Carlini

et al. 2024

Journal of Medical Virology

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) causes COVID‐19 and has brought a huge burden in terms of human lives. Strict social distance and influenza vaccination have been recommended to avoid co‐infections between influenza viruses and SARS‐CoV‐2. Scattered reports suggested a protective effect of influenza vaccine on COVID‐19 development and severity. We analyzed 51 studies on the capacity of influenza vaccination to affect infection with SARS‐CoV‐2, hospitalization, admission to Intensive Care Units (ICU), and mortality. All subjects taken into consideration did not receive any anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine, although their status with respect to previous infections with SARS‐CoV‐2 is not known. Comparison between vaccinated and not‐vaccinated subjects for each of the four endpoints was expressed as odds ratio (OR), with 95% confidence intervals (CIs); all analyses were performed by DerSimonian and Laird model, and Hartung‐Knapp model when studies were less than 10. In a total of 61 029 936 subjects from 33 studies, influenza vaccination reduced frequency of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection [OR plus 95% CI = 0.70 (0.65−0.77)]. The effect was significant in all studies together, in health care workers and in the general population; distance from influenza vaccination and the type of vaccine were also of importance. In 98 174 subjects from 11 studies, frequency of ICU admission was reduced with influenza vaccination [OR (95% CI) = 0.71 (0.54−0.94)]; the effect was significant in all studies together, in pregnant women and in hospitalized subjects. In contrast, in 4 737 328 subjects from 14 studies hospitalization was not modified [OR (95% CI) = 1.05 (0.82−1.35)], and in 4 139 660 subjects from 19 studies, mortality was not modified [OR (95% CI) = 0.76 (0.26−2.20)]. Our study emphasizes the importance of influenza vaccination in the protection against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.

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Impact of China's COVID-19 prevention and control efforts on outbreaks of influenza

Cited by 9 publications

References 21 publications

Explanation of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Cases in Japan Using Google Trends Before and During the COVID-19: Infodemiology Study

Explanation of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Cases in Japan Using Google Trends Before and During the COVID-19: Infodemiology Study

Molecular Epidemiology of Herpangina Children in Tongzhou District, Beijing, China, During 2019-2020

Vaccination against influenza viruses reduces infection, not hospitalization or death, from respiratory COVID‐19: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

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