Summary Coxsackievirus A6 (CV‐A6) has been associated with increasingly occurred sporadic hand‐foot‐mouth disease (HFMD) cases and outbreak events in many countries. In order to understand epidemiological characteristics of CV‐A6, we collected the information describing HFMD caused by CV‐A6 to describe the detection rate, severe rate and onychomadesis rate, which is defined as one or more nails defluvium, caused by CV‐A6 from 2007 to 2017. The results showed that there was an outbreak of CV‐A6 every other year, and overall trend of the epidemic of CA6‐associated HFMD was increasing in China. The detection rate of CV‐A6 in other countries was 32.0% (95% CI: 25.0%~40.0%) before 2013 and 28.0% (95% CI: 20.0%~36.0%) after 2013, respectively. Although the severe rate of HFMD caused by CV‐A6 was low (0.10%, 95% CI: 0.01%~0.20%), CV‐A6 can cause a high incidence of onychomadesis (28.0%, 95%CI: 21.9%‐34.3%). Thus, it would be worthwhile to research and develop an effective multivalent vaccine for CV‐A6 to achieve a more powerful prevention of HMFD.

To investigate which specific kinds of base changes are induced by psoralen adducts in the genomic DNA of diploid human fibroblasts, cells were exposed to 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) at 2-12 microM followed by one dose of UVA (365 nm) irradiation (PUVA-I treatment) or two doses of UVA (PUVA-II treatment). While PUVA-I treatment produced little effect on the induction of cytotoxicity, PUVA-II treatment significantly reduced the fibroblasts' colony-forming ability and resulted in about 10-fold increases in mutation frequency at the D0 dose. Mutations in the hypoxanthine (guanine) phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) gene of 36 independent PUVA-II mutants were characterized by direct sequencing of cDNA amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Seventeen mutants contained single base substitutions and the other 19 mutants either lacked one or more exons, or had deleted or gained nucleotides in the exon boundaries in their cDNA. The intron--exon boundaries of 10 of these 19 putative splicing mutants were further characterized by direct sequencing of the PCR-amplified hprt gene. The results showed that nine contained single base substitutions at the consensus splicing donor and acceptor sites. One splicing mutant possessed two base substitutions located at exon 8, whereas its splicing sites were intact. Most of the base substitutions occurred at T-A base pairs (24/29). The majority of T.A changes occurred at thymine of 5'TA and 5'ATA on the non-transcribed strand. Four of the five G.C base substitutions were located at guanines of 5'TG sites adjacent 3' to AT or TA sequences. In addition, the occurrence of a specific type of mutation was highly correlated to the 5' flanking bases of TA sites. The mutagenesis of 13 of the 16 mutational events at 5'TA sites on the non-transcribed strand can be explained by the preferential incisions of the photoadducts on the transcribed strand followed by misalignment--realignment during translesion repair synthesis of the bulky lesions on the non-transcribed strand.

(1) Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines were developed in only a short amount of time and were widely distributed. We conducted this meta-analysis to understand the safety of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. (2) Methods: We searched the corresponding literature published from 1 January 2020 to 20 October 2021. Information of adverse events (AEs) of each selected work was collected. The quality and bias of studies was evaluated, and meta-analysis was carried out by using Stata 17.0. (3) Results: Totally, 11,451 articles were retrieved, and 53 of them were included for analysis. The incidence rate of AEs was 20.05–94.48%. The incidence rate of vascular events increased after viral vector vaccination, while the incidence rate of vascular events decreased after mRNA vaccination. Viral vector vaccine had a higher AE rate compared to mRNA vaccines and inactivated vaccines. In most circumstances, the incidence of AEs was higher in older people, female and after the second dose. The sensitivity of meta-analysis was acceptable; however, the literature was subject to a certain publication bias. (4) Conclusions: The safety of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines was acceptable. The incidence of allergic symptoms and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular symptoms was low. Viral vector vaccine had a higher risk of leading to thrombosis events. The understanding of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine AEs should be enhanced, so as to promote the vaccination.

Vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become an important public health solution. Developing a safe and effective vaccine against COVID-19 is a viable long-term solution to control the pandemic. As one of the two inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines developed in China that entered the WHO emergency use list, Sinopharm BBIBP-CorV, an aluminum-hydroxide-adjuvanted, inactivated whole-virus vaccine, has been widely distributed, with more than 400 million doses administered in more than 40 countries. The evidence of the safety, efficacy, and effectiveness of BBIBP-CorV is gathered and reviewed. We further comment on one of the latest papers that disclosed the effectiveness results between BBIBP-CorV, rAd26-rAd5, and ChAdOx1.

We aimed to investigate the hesitancy and willingness of parents to vaccinate themselves and their children with a booster dose against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and related factors. We conducted a cross‐sectional study in Puyang city, China. The information was collected, including demographic characteristics, willingness to receive a booster dose of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) vaccine, and attitudes and concerns toward COVID‐19 and vaccines. Vaccine hesitancy was assessed in individuals completing the first two doses and booster eligible, while vaccine willingness was assessed in those completing the first two doses and not yet booster eligible. Among the participants completing two primary doses while not meeting the booster criteria, 95.4% (1465/1536) and 95.0% (1385/1458) had a willingness to a booster dose of COVID‐19 vaccine for themselves and their children, respectively. Among the participants who met the booster criteria, 40.3% had vaccine hesitancy. Vaccine hesitancy and unwillingness tended to occur in people who were younger, less educated, less healthy, and with unsureness of vaccines' efficacy and adverse events (AE). The younger age of children, children in poorer health, and concern about the efficacy and AE of vaccines contributed to the participants' unwillingness to vaccinate their children. We observed a high willingness to the booster dose of COVID‐19 vaccine both for the parents and their children, regardless of the eligibility to a booster dose. However, 40% of people had delayed vaccination behaviors. The promotion of scientific knowledge of vaccines' effectiveness and safety is needed, especially for people in poor health and parents with young children. Timely disclosure of AE caused by COVID‐19 vaccines and proper aiding offered to people encountering AE are suggested.