Impact of COVID-19 on Youth With ADHD: Predictors and Moderators of Response to Pandemic Restrictions on Daily Life

Rosenthal, Eliana; Franklin-Gillette, Sara; Jung, Hi Jae; Nelson, Amanda K.; Evans, Steven W.; Power, Thomas J.; Yerys, Benjamin E.; Dever, Bridget V.; Reckner, Erin; DuPaul, George J.

doi:10.1177/10870547211063641

Cited by 20 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…COVID-19 infection status did not significantly differ among patients and controls which was not in line with some studies ( 2 , 3 ) but corroborated with others ( 7 ). The discrepancy may firstly be explained by differences in the timing of the studies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 45%

“…Our findings are consistent with a study in children where researchers showed that children with ADHD were not more likely to experience COVID-19 infection. This study followed a similar methodology to ours and demonstrated the COVID-19 rate among ADHD and controls ( 7 ). Another study exhibited no correlations between ADHD and population size infection and mortality rates from coronavirus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…The characteristic of a college degree and above education was shown to be a protective factor for COVID-19 infection ( 27 ). Besides inattention ( 3 ) having fewer worries and a diminished level of concern were proposed to be other reasons for not taking the necessary precautions ( 7 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, a recent longitudinal study that investigated pre-pandemic and pandemic data on neurodevelopmental conditions did not show strong evidence of differences in the distribution of infections in those with ADHD compared to those without ( 6 ). Other studies failed to show that youth with ADHD were more likely to experience COVID-19 infection compared with non-ADHD peers ( 7 ). On the contrary, Rajkumar et al ( 8 ) demonstrated that ADHD prevalence was statistically inversely linked with COVID-19 prevalence after controlling for medical conditions, demographic, climate-related, and economic variables.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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COVID-19 infection, vaccine status, and avoidance behaviors in adults with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder: A cross-sectional study

et al. 2022

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ObjectiveWe aim to examine infection risk and vaccine status of COVID-19 in attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and evaluate the impact of demographic, clinical, and COVID-19-related factors on the infection status and behavioral avoidance of COVID-19.MethodsThis cross-sectional study assessed adults with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder recruited from an outpatient psychiatry clinic. Patients and healthy controls completed a survey on sociodemographic data, COVID-19 infection status, and vaccine status. COVID-19 Disease Perception Scale, COVID-19 Avoidance Attitudes Scale, Attitudes toward COVID-19 Vaccine Scale, Adult Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder Self-report Screening Scale for DSM-5, Adult Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale Symptoms Checklist, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were applied.ResultsNinety patients and 40 healthy controls participated. Patients did not differ from controls in COVID-19 infection and vaccine status, and behavioral avoidance of COVID-19. No demographic and clinical factor significantly affected the COVID-19 infection status. Patients scored higher than controls in the perception of COVID-19 as contagious (p = 0.038), cognitive avoidance of COVID-19 (p = 0.008), and positive attitudes toward the COVID-19 vaccine (p = 0.024). After adjustment of possible factors, a positive perception of the COVID-19 vaccine and a perception of COVID-19 as dangerous were the two factors significantly affecting behavioral avoidance of COVID-19 [R2 = 0. 17, F(2) = 13.189, p < 0.0001].ConclusionInfection and vaccine status of COVID-19 in patients did not significantly differ from controls. No demographic and clinical factor significantly affected the COVID-19 infection status. Approximately four-fifths of the patients were fully vaccinated as recommended by national and global health organizations. This has increased the knowledge base showing that the COVID-19 vaccine is acceptable and receiving the vaccine is endorsed by ADHD patients. Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder itself may provoke no kind of mental disturbance in sense of perception of the danger of this disease. Our findings have increased the knowledge base showing that the COVID-19 vaccine is acceptable and the actual practice of receiving the vaccine is endorsed in this population. Our message for practice would be to take into account not only the core symptoms and the comorbidities of the disorder but also the perception of the disease while exploring its link with COVID-19.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 45%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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COVID-19 infection, vaccine status, and avoidance behaviors in adults with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder: A cross-sectional study

et al. 2022

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“…Recent papers suggest that youth/adults with ADHD are less like to wash their hands, use hand sanitizer, maintain social distance, and more likely to engage in rule-breaking behaviors related to COVID-19 restrictions ( Conway et al, 2022 ; Rosenthal et al, 2022 ). Rosenthal and colleagues (2021) theorize that individuals with ADHD, due to their inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, may be more likely to put themselves in high-risk situations as it relates to health safety measures (e.g., not socially distancing).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual Differences in Germ Spreading Behaviors Among Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: The Role of Executive Functioning

Hernandez

Spiegel

Coxe

et al. 2022

Journal of Pediatric Psychology

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Objective Infectious diseases, such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), are commonly transmitted by respiratory droplets and contact with contaminated surfaces. Individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are more likely to be infected with COVID-19 and experience more hospitalizations than individuals without ADHD. The current study investigated the role of ADHD symptomatology and executive functioning (EF) in germ spreading behavior frequency among young children with and without ADHD and parenting responses to these behaviors. Methods Participants included 53 children diagnosed with ADHD and 47 typically developing (TD) children between the ages of 4–5 years (76% male; Mage = 4.62; 86% Hispanic/Latinx). Parents and teachers reported on children’s ADHD symptomatology and children completed three EF tasks. Germ spreading behavior frequency (direct contact of hand to face and toy in mouth) and parenting responses (verbal and nonverbal behaviors) were observed during a 5-min parent–child play situation. Results Negative binomial regression analyses indicated that both ADHD diagnostic status and poor metacognition predicted both higher rates of toy to mouth (β = 1.94, p < .001; β = 0.03, p = .004) and face touching frequency (β = 0.60, p = .03; β = 0.03, p = .004), respectively. Additionally, poor attention and worse cognitive flexibility only predicted higher rates of toy to mouth frequency (β = 0.09, p < .001; β = −0.04, p = .001), respectively. Conclusions Young children with ADHD are at high risk for spreading germs via putting toys in their mouth and touching their face. Particularly, high levels of inattention and poor EF appear to be associated with higher rates of germ spreading behaviors.

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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnoses in Finland During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Auro,

Holopainen,

Perola

et al. 2024

JAMA Netw Open

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ImportanceSeveral reports suggest an increase in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. This nationwide study assessed new ADHD diagnoses and ADHD prevalence before and during the pandemic.ObjectiveTo investigate trends in new ADHD diagnoses, prevalence, and ADHD medication use from 2015 to 2022 in Finland.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis longitudinal cohort study comprised the entire Finnish population. ADHD diagnoses and medication use were obtained from nationwide registers and assessed at 3 time points: in 2015 and before (2020) and after (2022) the pandemic. Data were analyzed from January 2015 to June 2022.Main outcomes and MeasuresNew ADHD diagnoses, ADHD lifetime prevalence, and ADHD medication use.ResultsThe cohort comprised 5 572 420 individuals (2 819 645 women [50.6%]). Lifetime prevalence of ADHD increased by 2.7-fold during 2015 to 2022; prevalence was 1.02% in 2015 (95% CI, 1.01%-1.03%), 1.80% in 2020 (95% CI, 1.79%-1.81%), and 2.76% in 2022 (95% CI, 2.75%-2.77%). Young men aged 13 to 20 years had the highest lifetime prevalence of 11.68% (95% CI, 11.56%-11.81%) in 2022. New ADHD diagnoses doubled during the pandemic, from 238 per 100 000 in 2020 to 477 per 100 000 in 2022. The pandemic-associated incremental increase in new diagnoses was 18.60% (95% CI, 16.47%-20.49%; 9482 per 50 897 cases). Young women aged 13 to 20 years had a 2.6-fold increase in new diagnoses during the pandemic, from 577 per 100 000 in 2020 to 1488 per 100 000 in 2022, and women aged 21 to 30 years had a 3.0-fold increase, from 361 per 100 000 to 1100 per 100 000. New diagnoses increased by 2.9-fold among those older than 55 years (from 5 per 100 000 to 13 per 100 000 in women and from 5 per 100 000 to 14 per 100 000 in men). Boys younger than 13 years had the highest absolute rate of new ADHD diagnoses in 2022 (1745 per 100 000), but boys and young men younger than 21 years did not show a significant incremental increase in new diagnoses. Lifetime prevalence of ADHD medication purchases was 0.57% (95% CI, 0.56%-0.58%) in 2015 (31 771 [55.62%] of those with ADHD diagnosis), 1.15% (95% CI, 1.14%-1.16%) in 2020 (64 034 [63.83%]), and 1.69% (95% CI 1.68%-1.70%) in 2022 (92 557 [61.43%]), respectively.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this nationwide cohort study, new ADHD diagnoses and ADHD prevalence showed significant increase in Finland during the pandemic. ADHD medication use did not increase in relation to ADHD diagnoses. These results highlight potential adverse outcomes of pandemic-associated changes in living conditions.

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Impact of COVID-19 on Youth With ADHD: Predictors and Moderators of Response to Pandemic Restrictions on Daily Life

Cited by 20 publications

References 46 publications

COVID-19 infection, vaccine status, and avoidance behaviors in adults with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder: A cross-sectional study

COVID-19 infection, vaccine status, and avoidance behaviors in adults with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder: A cross-sectional study

Individual Differences in Germ Spreading Behaviors Among Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: The Role of Executive Functioning

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnoses in Finland During the COVID-19 Pandemic

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