“…Broadly speaking, highly effective strategies are those that involve retrieving information from long-term memory, referred to as retrieval or recall practice (Carpenter et al, 2008;Dunlosky et al, 2013;Roediger & Karpicke, 2006). These strategies are also referred to as deep learning strategies (e.g., Floyd et al, 2009;Sabah et al, 2023), because they are associated with forming connections between new and previous knowledge, reflecting on knowledge, and creating understanding (Biggs, 1987;Biggs & Tang, 2011;Marton & Säljö, 1976). In contrast, strategies that involve more passive engagement with material, such as re-reading and highlighting, are less effective at promoting learning (Carpenter et al, 2008;Dunlosky et al, 2013;Roediger & Karpicke, 2006).…”