Impact of Drug Adherence on Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder Among Patients With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Abstract

Among patients with ADHD undergoing drug therapy, a better drug adherence is associated with a lower likelihood of their developing ODD or CD in later life.

Refill Adherence Measures and Its Association with Economic, Clinical, and Humanistic Outcomes Among Pediatric Patients: A Systematic Review

“…The MPR and PDC were the most common RAMs reported (n = 19) [25][26][27][29][30][31][32][33]36,37,[39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46]55]. The RAMs used in eight other studies were equivalent to the proportion of days with medication supply, similar to MPR and PDC [21,22,34,[50][51][52][53][54].…”

“…The studies were conducted in 10 different countries, the majority (n = 33) of which were high-income countries, according to The World Bank definition [56]. These include the United States of America (n = 23) [21][22][23][24][25][26][27]29,[31][32][33][34][35]39,41,[47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54], United Kingdom (n = 3) [30,38,46], Israel (n = 2) [43,45], Taiwan (n = 1) [42], Korea (n = 1) [37], Australia (n = 1) [55], Netherlands (n = 1) [36], and Singapore (n = 1) [44]. Only two studies were conducted in upper-middle-income countries such as Brazil (n = 1) [28], and Malaysia (n = 1) [40].…”

“…Asthma (n = 9) was the most common disease state involved in the studies [24,25,28,30,31,[34][35][36]51], followed by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (n = 6) [21][22][23]47,49,50]. The sources of medication refill data were pharmacy records (n = 19) in approximately half of the studies, [21][22][23]28,33,35,37,40,44,[46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55], and administrative claims database (n = 16) in the remaining studies [24][25][26][27][29][30][31][32]34,36,38,39,[41][42][43]…”

“…Of the 27 studies with a fixed threshold to define adequate adherence, five studies derived its threshold from the study cohorts' percentiles or data distributions [25,27,33,36,41], while 10 studies utilized thresholds from prior studies [22,31,37,39,40,43,45,49,50,53]. The source of threshold used for the remaining 12 studies were not specified [21,24,34,35,38,42,44,[46][47][48]52,54]. Table S3 summarizes the reported relationship between medication adherence and ECHO.…”

“…Other clinical outcomes include disease remission and abnormal hematological parameters in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) [39], graft failure and survival time in renal transplant [27], and positive bacteria cultures in rheumatic fever with penicillin prophylaxis [43]. Among patients with attention deficit disorder (ADD), all caused injury [26], and the risk of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder were assessed [42].…”