Impact of Environmental Factors on the Regulation of Cyanotoxin Production

Abstract

Cyanobacteria are capable of thriving in almost all environments. Recent changes in climatic conditions due to increased human activities favor the occurrence and severity of harmful cyanobacterial bloom all over the world. Knowledge of the regulation of cyanotoxins by the various environmental factors is essential for effective management of toxic cyanobacterial bloom. In recent years, progress in the field of molecular mechanisms involved in cyanotoxin production has paved the way for assessing the role of various factors on the cyanotoxin production. In this review, we present an overview of the influence of various environmental factors on the production of major group of cyanotoxins, including microcystins, nodularin, cylindrospermopsin, anatoxins and saxitoxins.

Characterization of phytoplankton by pigment analysis and the detection of toxic cyanobacteria in reservoirs with aquaculture production

“…When the growth turned into the SG phase due to nutrient limitation, MCs/chl a were often higher than when nutrients were not limiting, indicating that the microcystin production is also controlled by nutritional conditions. This is supported by previous observations, although contradictory results on the influence of nutrients on microcystin production have been reported (Neilan et al 2013, Boopathi & Ki 2014, and shows that the toxin production is difficult to predict and is influenced by many factors.…”

“…A counting limit was established through the species-rarefying curve and until reaching 100 individuals of the most common species. Phytoplankton was identified ac cording to Bicudo & Menezes (2017), Sant'Anna et al (1989), Tucci et al (2006) and references therein. Each cell, filament or colony was regarded as one individual and estimated as organisms (org.)…”

A review of reproductive toxicity of microcystins

“…1) [1,2]. Besides other adverse effects such as the disruption of hydrochemistry or sunlight in the water column, production of an unpleasant odour and taste, cyanobacteria are also known to produce a wide variety of potent acid, and X and Z in positions two and four are highly variable lamino acids that determine the suffix in the nomenclature of MCs [10].…”

Mechanisms of Microcystin-induced Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis

“…Cyanobacteria are known as one of the primitive oxygen-producing organisms on Earth with the fossil records of about 3.5 billion years [1]. As a result of their very long evolutionary history, the cyanobacteria have gained a lot of special abilities, including fixing atmospheric nitrogen, solubilizing phosphorous and sequestering iron.…”