Impact of H<sub>2</sub>O on organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells

Huang, Jianbing; Tan, Shunquan; Lund, Peter; Zhou, Huanping

doi:10.1039/c7ee01674c

Cited by 412 publications

(377 citation statements)

References 284 publications

(434 reference statements)

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“…[43] Given that the same perovskite and substrates were used for both kinds of devices, we suspect that the difference in the recombination lifetime is attributed to the difference in interfacial recombination at perovskite|HTM interface. [14,46] After being aged at ambient conditions (1 sun illumination with an RH of 40% and a temperature of 22 °C) for 48 h, the optimized HTM film remained ultraflat and uniform (the RMS in an area of 5 × 5 µm 2 was 0.2 nm for both fresh and aged films), while a roughness increase of the control HTM was observed (0.3 nm fresh vs 1.6 nm aged); see Figure 5d. One of the reasons for the increased recombination may be the presence of Li ions in the control device.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

LiTFSI‐Free Spiro‐OMeTAD‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells with Power Conversion Efficiencies Exceeding 19%

Tan

Raga

Chesman

et al. 2019

Advanced Energy Materials

113

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To date, the most efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs) employ an n–i–p device architecture that uses a 2,2′,7,7′‐tetrakis(N,N‐di‐p‐methoxyphenyl‐amine)‐9,9′‐spirobifluorene (spiro‐OMeTAD) hole‐transporting material (HTM), which achieves optimum conductivity with the addition of lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (LiTFSI) and air exposure. However, this additive along with its oxidation process leads to poor reproducibility and is detrimental to stability. Herein, a dicationic salt spiro‐OMeTAD(TFSI)2, is employed as an effective p‐dopant to achieve power conversion efficiencies of 19.3% and 18.3% (apertures of 0.16 and 1.00 cm2) with excellent reproducibility in the absence of LiTFSI and air exposure. As far as it is known, these are the highest‐performing n–i–p PSCs without LiTFSI or air exposure. Comprehensive analysis demonstrates that precise control of the proportion of [spiro‐OMeTAD]+ directly provides high conductivity in HTM films with low series resistance, fast hole extraction, and lower interfacial charge recombination. Moreover, the spiro‐OMeTAD(TFSI)2‐doped devices show improved stability, benefitting from well‐retained HTM morphology without forming aggregates or voids when tested under an ambient atmosphere. A facile approach is presented to fabricate highly efficient PSCs by replacing LiTFSI with spiro‐OMeTAD(TFSI)2. Furthermore, this study provides an insight into the relationship between device performance and the HTM doping level.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

LiTFSI‐Free Spiro‐OMeTAD‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells with Power Conversion Efficiencies Exceeding 19%

Tan

Raga

Chesman

et al. 2019

Advanced Energy Materials

113

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“…Although the average and champion PCEs in each case show the same trend, there are still some differences between the average and champion values. Notably, the only uncontrolled factor during the device fabrication is the relative humidity (RH) (50%–70%) in the ambient air where the perovskite is annealed, and the humidity has profound effects on the perovskite formation . Therefore, it is reasoned that the differences between the highest and average PCE in each case is probably due to the uncontrolled RH during the perovskite annealing in air.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Diammonium Cation on the Structural and Optoelectronic Properties in 3D Cesium–Formamidinium Mixed‐Cation Perovskite Solar Cells

Xie

et al. 2019

Solar RRL

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Incorporating diammonium cations, which electrostatically connect the adjacent inorganic slabs ([PbI6]4−), into 3D perovskite is recently proposed to develop high‐performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, due to limited studies, the effects of these organic cations on the perovskite structural and optoelectronic properties are yet to be understood. Herein, a diammonium cation, propane‐1,3‐diammonium (PDA), is first proposed to modulate the cesium–formamidinium (Cs–FA)‐mixed cation perovskite. By increasing the PDA content, the efficiency of the Cs0.15FA0.85 − xPDAxPbI3 PSC first increases and then drastically decreases. The highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.10% obtained by Cs0.15FA0.83PDA0.02PbI3 is superior to that of the Cs0.15FA0.85PbI3 (16.82%). Through systematic investigations, it is revealed that the PDA content–dependent efficiency is attributed to a competition between the enhanced defect passivation and emerged excitonic effect with an increased PDA content. Moreover, the encapsulated Cs0.15FA0.83PDA0.02PbI3 device exhibits almost 1.5 times increased stability than the Cs0.15FA0.85PbI3 counterpart, with 83% of its initial efficiency retained after 500 h exposure, under continuous light soaking at 60 °C in ambient air. This study provides a practical strategy to enhance the device stability without sacrificing the efficiency and deepens our understanding on effects of diammonium cation incorporated in 3D perovskite.

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“…Heat has been correlated with facile phase transitions at/or near room temperature while effects of moisture under ambient conditions on perovskite structure seriously hinder performance and long‐term operation of the optoelectronic devices . H 2 O vapor influences the formation of hybrid perovskite materials and causes hydration water phases with unreacted organic salts . These phases disorient perovskite formation while consume excess MAI, causing instability and poor surface morphology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing High Humidity Stability of Quasi‐2D Perovskite Thin Films through Mixed Cation Doping and Solvent Engineering

Naikaew

Kumnorkaew

Supasai³

et al. 2019

ChemNanoMat

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Perovskite materials show excellent photovoltaic performance along with simple processing and low‐energy requirements. Despite their high power conversion efficiency (PCE), instability in the presence of moisture is still a major challenge. An effective method to enhance perovskite stability is by reducing dimensionality through incorporation of long organic cations into the perovskite crystal, which improves charge‐carrier extraction efficiency of the perovskites compared to conventional 3D perovskites. Quasi‐2D perovskites or 2D/3D perovskites strike a good balance between PCE and stability, having much improved stability compared to 3D structures while retaining excellent optoelectronic properties. Yielding better thermal stability and broader absorption into the near‐infrared, formamidinium iodide (FAI) doping has positive influences yet tends to cause poor surface morphology. Here, we introduce highly stable MA/FA‐based quasi‐2D perovskite fabricated by mixed cation doping (MCD), which is repeated deposition of MA and FA cations onto a quasi‐2D perovskite layer. MCD enables better morphology and surface passivation, leading to fewer defects. MA/FA‐based quasi‐2D perovskite with quasi‐cubic structure has high humidity resistivity, remaining intact after 90 days under 60% relative humidity without encapsulation. The underlying mechanism is further explained by binding and formation energies of cation mixture in solution and perovskite structure through computational analysis.

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Impact of H₂O on organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells

Abstract: The impact of water on the lifecycle of PSCs and the underlying mechanisms in perovskites and PSCs are systematically reviewed.

Cited by 412 publications

References 284 publications

LiTFSI‐Free Spiro‐OMeTAD‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells with Power Conversion Efficiencies Exceeding 19%

LiTFSI‐Free Spiro‐OMeTAD‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells with Power Conversion Efficiencies Exceeding 19%

The Role of Diammonium Cation on the Structural and Optoelectronic Properties in 3D Cesium–Formamidinium Mixed‐Cation Perovskite Solar Cells

Enhancing High Humidity Stability of Quasi‐2D Perovskite Thin Films through Mixed Cation Doping and Solvent Engineering

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Impact of H2O on organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells

Abstract: The impact of water on the lifecycle of PSCs and the underlying mechanisms in perovskites and PSCs are systematically reviewed.

Cited by 412 publications

References 284 publications

LiTFSI‐Free Spiro‐OMeTAD‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells with Power Conversion Efficiencies Exceeding 19%

LiTFSI‐Free Spiro‐OMeTAD‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells with Power Conversion Efficiencies Exceeding 19%

The Role of Diammonium Cation on the Structural and Optoelectronic Properties in 3D Cesium–Formamidinium Mixed‐Cation Perovskite Solar Cells

Enhancing High Humidity Stability of Quasi‐2D Perovskite Thin Films through Mixed Cation Doping and Solvent Engineering

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Impact of H₂O on organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells