Impact of heat and pollution on oxidative stress and CC16 secretion after 8 km run

Abstract

To investigate the acute effect of a hot, humid and ozone-polluted (O(3)) environment on lung inflammation and oxidative tress of runners performing 8 km time trial run. Using a single-blinded randomized design, 10 male athletes (mean[Formula: see text]= 64.4 mlO(2) kg(-1) min(-1), SD = 4.4) took part in a time trial run in four different environmental conditions: 20°C + 50% relative humidity (rh) (Control); 20°C + 50% rh + 0.10 ppm O(3) (Control + O(3)); 31°C + 70% rh (Heat); 31°C + 70% rh + 0.10 ppm O(3) (Heat + O(3)). Blood samples and nasal lavage were collected post-exercise and analyzed for inflammatory, epithelial damage and oxidative stress markers. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test. A significant increase in CC16 concentration (P < 0.05) and GSH/protein concentration (P < 0.05) in the upper respiratory airways was observed following the 8 km run in the Heat + O(3) trial compared with the control trial. There were no differences in the neutrophil counts between trials. No differences were observed for the other antioxidants analyzed. A hot, humid and ozone-polluted environment (0.1 ppm) elicits an early epithelial damage and antioxidant protection process in the upper respiratory airways of athletes immediately after performing 8 km time trial run.

Respiratory health of elite athletes – preventing airway injury: a critical review

“…84 85 Moreover, short-term supplementation with antioxidants (vitamin C and E) has been shown to reduce airway oxidative stress and epithelial disruption induced by high-level exercise in hot, humid and O 3 -polluted environment in runners. 86 A protective effect of lycopene, 87 fi sh oil supplementation 88 and undenatured whey protein 89 has also been demonstrated in subjects with EIB exercising in non-polluted air. However, some of those results were not replicated in a population of young athletes with exercise-related breathing diffi culties.…”

Oxidants, Antioxidants, and the Beneficial Roles of Exercise-Induced Production of Reactive Species

“…Thus, for the assessment of oxidative stress indirect methods are mainly used. For the measurement of oxidative stress biomarkers in human muscle tissue, expired air, urine, blood, and nasal lavage can be used [15–19]. According to Powers and Jackson [10], reliable markers of this process need to have the following characteristics: be chemically unique, be chemically detectable and have relatively long half-lives, increase or decrease during the oxidative stress process, and not be affected by other cell cycles in order to avoid confounding factors.…”

“…It is not only a good indicator of systemic oxidative status but also a useful indicator of disease risk [41], and, therefore, it has been used in various studies to indicate the free radical production during exercise [19, 42–44]. However, these studies do present some divergent results which could possibly be explained by the difference in subject fitness, exercise protocol, and method of determining the glutathione concentration.…”

Clara cell protein in nasal lavage fluid and nasal nitric oxide - biomarkers with anti-inflammatory properties in allergic rhinitis

“…Thus, the CC16 levels in NLF related to exposures to air pollutions have been analyzed, with decreased levels found in a group of epoxy workers with chronic exposure to an irritating chemical [5], in contrast to increased levels after acute exposure to hot humid ozone-polluted environment in combination with physical exercise [6]. In intermittent allergic rhinitis due to pollen allergy the levels were lower in patients compared to controls during the pollen season [7,8], and an inverse relation between nasal CC16 levels and symptoms and signs of rhinitis were observed after allergen-challenge [9].…”