Impact of Helminth Diagnostic Test Performance on Estimation of Risk Factors and Outcomes in HIV-Positive Adults

Arndt, Michael B.; John‐Stewart, Grace; Richardson, Barbra A.; Singa, Benson; Lieshout, Lisette van; Verweij, Jaco J.; Sangaré, Laura; Mbogo, Loice; Naulikha, Jacqueline M.; Walson, Judd L.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081915

Cited by 27 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…However, a few prevalence surveys have been carried out with PCR. In a recent study in Kenya on human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects, RT-PCR (sensitivity, 83.3%) was able to detect more S. stercoralis infections than the combination of wet preparation, the Kato-Katz technique, and FECT (sensitivity, 16.7%) [29]: also, none of the latter methods is adequate for S. stercoralis larva detection. In Bangladesh and in Tanzania, a lower sensitivity of PCR methods than of reference faecal methods was reported for the detection of low-intensity infections [30,31].…”

Section: Prevalence Studiesmentioning

confidence: 93%

Novel approaches to the diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection

Buonfrate

Formenti

Perandin

et al. 2015

Clinical Microbiology and Infection

189

168

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Strongyloides stercoralis differs from the other soil-transmitted helminths because it puts infected subjects at risk of a fatal syndrome (in cases of immunosuppression for medical conditions, immunosuppressant therapies, or both). Chronic strongyloidiasis is often a non-severe condition, or is sometimes even asymptomatic, but diagnosis and effective therapy are essential in order to eradicate the infection and the life-long risk involved. Therefore, diagnostic methods need to be highly sensitive. Stool microscopy and the Kato-Katz technique are commonly used in prevalence studies, but they are inadequate for S. stercoralis detection. This is probably the main reason why the global prevalence has long been underestimated. Concentration methods, the Baermann technique and Koga agar plate culture have better, but still unsatisfactory, sensitivity. Serological tests have demonstrated higher sensitivity; although some authors have concerns about their specificity, it is possible to define cut-off values over which infection is almost certain. In particular, the luciferase immunoprecipitation system technique combined with a recombinant antigen (NIE) demonstrated a specificity of almost 100%. ELISA coproantigen detection has also shown promising results, but still needs full evaluation. Molecular diagnostic methods are currently available in a few referral centres as in-house techniques. In this review, on the basis of the performance of the different diagnostic methods, we outline diagnostic strategies that could be proposed for different purposes, such as: prevalence studies in endemic areas; individual diagnosis and screening; and monitoring of cure in clinical care and clinical trials.

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Section: Prevalence Studiesmentioning

confidence: 93%

Novel approaches to the diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection

Buonfrate

Formenti

Perandin

et al. 2015

Clinical Microbiology and Infection

189

168

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“…Multiplex DNA-based techniques can and are being used in epidemiological studies and for the monitoring of integrated control programmes (Basuni et al 2012;Arndt et al 2013;Wiria et al 2013a, b).…”

Section: F U T U R E D I R E C T I O N Smentioning

confidence: 99%

“…, b; Verweij et al 2007b; Polley et al 2011) Nematodes A. lumbricoides ITS-1 (Pecson BM et al 2006; Wiria et al 2010; Basuni et al 2011; Hamid et al 2011; Arndt et al 2013; Mejia et al 2013; Wiria et al 2013) Hookworm ITS (Verweij et al 2007a; Basuni et al 2011; Hamid et al 2011; Jonker et al 2012; Arndt et al 2013; Mejia et al 2013; Schar et al 2013; Wiria et al 2013) S. stercoralis SSU rDNA (ten Hove et al 2009; Basuni et al 2011; Kramme et al 2011; Mejia et al 2013; Schar et al 2013; Sultana et al 2013) T. trichiura SSU rDNA, ITS-1 (Liu et al 2013; Mejia et al 2013) Trematodes C. sinensis ITS-1,ITS-2, NAD-2 (Kim et al 2009; Cai XQ et al 2012; Sanpool O et al 2012) O. viverrini O. viverrini specific repetitive DNA fragment, NAD-Suksumek et al 2008; Intapan et al 2009; Sanpool O et al 2012) Paragonimus ITS-2 (Tantrawatpan et al 2013) SchistosomaSSU rDNA, ITS-2,NADH-1, Cox1, S. mansoni tandem repeat(Gomes et al 2006;Obeng et al 2008;ten Hove et al 2008;Kjetland et al 2009;Wichmann et al 2009;Clerinx et al 2011;Cnops et al 2012;Arndt et al 2013; Aryeetey YA et al 2013; Downs JA et al 2013; Wichmann et al2013) CestodesT. solium Tsol9 repeat sequence, ITS-1(Yera et al 2011;Praet et al 2013) …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of PCR-based methods for diagnosis of intestinal parasitic infections in the clinical laboratory

Verweij

2014

Parasitology

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For many years PCR- and other DNA-based methods of pathogen detection have been available in most clinical microbiology laboratories; however, until recently these tools were not routinely exploited for the diagnosis of parasitic infections. Laboratories were initially reluctant to implement PCR as incorporation of such assays within the algorithm of tools available for the most accurate diagnosis of a large variety of parasites was unclear. With regard to diagnosis of intestinal parasitic infections, the diversity of parasites that one can expect in most settings is far less than the parasitological textbooks would have you believe, hence developing a simplified diagnostic triage is feasible. Therefore the classical algorithm based on population, patient groups, use of immuno-suppressive drugs, travel history etc. is also applicable to decide when to perform and which additional techniques are to be used, if a multiplex PCR panel is used as a first-line screening diagnostic.

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“…The ability of PCR to specifically amplify minute amounts of pathogen DNA in low intensity infection has revolutionized the diagnosis of many infectious diseases including soil transmitted helminth infection (Nath et al 2013;Arndt et al 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A prevalence rate of 70.0% T. trichiura and 10.7% T. vulpis were observed in a rural community in northwestern Thailand using molecular technique (Areekul et al 2010). Studies conducted across the world revealed the significance of molecular diagnosis of SoilTransmitted Helminths over microscopy methods (Basuni et al 2011;Arndt et al 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nested pcr based diagnosis of trichuriasis and appraisal of primer sensitivity and specificity for reliable detection in clinical samples

Nath¹,

M²,

Singha³

2017

Int J Recent Sci Res

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ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACTBackground: Reliable and sensitive diagnostic tests have important implications; otherwise it limits the understanding of disease magnitude and epidemiology. The primate whipworm Trichuris trichiura , a soil-transmitted helminth (STH) is the principal whipworm in the genus Trichuris infecting human. Methodology and Principal Findings:In this study, we examined fecal samples from 337 schoolage children (≥15) of Southern Assam, India for Trichuris infection using microscopy followed by species discrimination using species specific nested PCR assay and bi-directional Sanger DNA sequencing of the diagnostic fragment. We further evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of primer pairs specific for Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Cyclospora cayetanensis. Based on single fecal examination 49 were microscopically positive for characteristic Trichuris eggs with a mean length and width of 54.3 (±2.8) μm and 23.8 (±1.9) μm respectively, while species specific PCR assay classified that all the 49 microscopy positive samples were T. trichiura. In addition, PCR assay classified 9 more positive cases of T. trichiura infection with an overall prevalence rate of 17.2% (58/337; 95% CI: 13.4-21.8%). Sensitivity and specificity evaluation of the primer pairs specific for E. bieneusi and C. cayetanensis showed no cross-amplification with the common pathogenic gastrointestinal protozoan, bacterial DNA and were able to detect 20ng and 30ng of DNA respectively. Conclusions:The findings of our study suggest that the newer molecular diagnostic methods, particularly species specific PCR assay intensifies the detection of Trichuris infection at species level and thus help to figure out the burden of zoonotic species and its transmission in a particular geographical area. In addition, the minimum detection levels of the primer sets suggest that the designed primers are sensitive enough for accurate detection of the two emerging protozoan parasites in clinical samples with low DNA yield.

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Impact of Helminth Diagnostic Test Performance on Estimation of Risk Factors and Outcomes in HIV-Positive Adults

Cited by 27 publications

References 40 publications

Novel approaches to the diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection

Novel approaches to the diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection

Application of PCR-based methods for diagnosis of intestinal parasitic infections in the clinical laboratory

Nested pcr based diagnosis of trichuriasis and appraisal of primer sensitivity and specificity for reliable detection in clinical samples

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