Impact of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 on the disease spectrum of Streptococcus pneumoniae in South African children

Abstract

In children with invasive pneumococcal disease caused by the pediatric serogroups, HIV-infected children have more antibiotic-resistant isolates and have a different clinical presentation than do HIV-uninfected children.

Nasopharyngeal colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus

“…Entre os sorotipos identificados em nossa amostra, encontravam-se aqueles descritos como sorotipos pediá-tricos e aqueles que comumente causam doença invasiva em crianças: 6, 14, 19 e 23 11,[20][21][22] . Com estes sorotipos identificados (6A, 6B, 7C, 9V, 11A, 13, 14, 15A, 16F, 18C, 19B, 19F, 23B, 23F, 34), podemos estimar que a vacina 7 valente poderia conferir uma proteção ao redor de 85,7% para nossa população.…”

Effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and rotavirus vaccine introduction into the South African public immunisation programme

“…[34,35] Also, HIV-infected children in SA had a 40-fold greater risk of hospitalisation for invasive pneumococcal disease and an estimated 2.3-fold increased risk of hospitalisation for rotavirus diarrhoeal disease than HIV-uninfected children. [35,36] Although improved access to ART has mitigated some of this risk, even in the era of ART HIV-infected children remain at a 20-fold greater risk of developing invasive pneumococcal disease. [37] Furthermore, even when ART was initiated early in HIV- infected infants, pneumonia and diarrhoea were individually identified as the causes of death in one-third of HIV-infected children.…”

Bacteremia among Children Admitted to a Rural Hospital in Kenya

“…2 However, there are almost no estimates of incidence, mortality, or hospital burden for the majority of pathogenic bacterial species. Most data are from a few urban referral centers, [3][4][5][6][7][8][9] with very little recent data from the rural areas 10,11 where most people in sub-Saharan Africa live. Thus, the impact of childhood bacteremia is largely unknown.…”