Nasopharyngeal colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus

Abstract

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of pneumococcus colonization among HIV-infected outpatients aged 0 to 18 years. To determine the resistance to penicillin of the microorganisms observed, to identify their serotypes, and to determine whether there are associations between known risk factors and colonization in this group. Material and method:This was an observational and crosssectional study in which nasopharynx swabs were collected from 112 children on the occasion of their monthly appointments and a questionnaire applied to the mothers. The material collected was processed at the microbiology laboratory of the hospital in accordance with National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) regulations and serotyping was performed at the Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC). Data were analyzed statistically using the chi-square test and with univariate and multivariate analysis with multiple logistic regression. Results:The prevalence rate of nasopharyngeal colonization by pneumococci was 28.6%, with a 15.6% rate of resistance to penicillin (6.2% intermediate resistance and 9.4% full resistance). The serotypes identified were 6A, 6B, 7C, 9V, 11A, 13, 14, 15A, 16F, 18C, 19B, 19F, 23B, 23F, and 34. In this population there were no associations between pneumococcal colonization and the risk factors studied. Conclusions:The prevalence of pneumococcal colonization among HIV-infected children at our service was not higher than prevalence rates observed in healthy children and reported in the literature.

High Rates of Colonization with Drug Resistant Hemophilus Influenzae Type B and Streptococccus Pneumoniae in Unvaccinated HIV Infected Children from West Bengal

“…No information on nasopharyngeal carriage rates with Hib in children with HIV was found. The prevalence of pneumococcal colonization of 28% is comparable to studies of Brazilian and Romanian children with HIV [18,19].…”

“…ART did not prevent nasopharyngeal colonization with Hib or pneumococcus. Similarly, a study of Brazilian children with HIV also showed no association between pneumococcal colonization and ART use [19]. There is limited information on the effect of ART on Hib disease or Hib colonization, because only a few countries remain with a significant burden of pediatric HIV who are yet to adopt the Hib conjugate vaccine into immunization programs [3].…”

“…HibOf the19 Hib isolates, 79% (15/19) had reduced susceptibility to TMP/SMX, 68% (13/19) to ampicillin, 42% to rifampin (8/19), 68% (13/19) to tetracycline, 53% (10/19)…”

Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection onStreptococcus pneumoniaeColonization and Seroepidemiology among Zambian Women

“…These serotypes accounted for 59% of serotypes recovered from HIV-positive mothers, compared with 37% of serotypes recovered from HIVnegative mothers (RR, 1.5; 95% CI, 0.96 -2.4). Serotypes 7,8,9,10,11,14, and 33 occurred predominantly or exclusively among HIV-positive mothers (RR, 1.8; 95% CI, 0.7-5.0). Among the dominant serotypes, the predominant sero/factor types were 6b, 19f, and 23f.…”

“…Nasopharyngeal and/or oropharyngeal colonization with S. pneumoniae is considered a precondition for invasive pneumococcal disease [8,9]. Whether HIV infection increases the risk of nasopharyngeal colonization in children and adults is unclear [10,11]. Recent studies suggest that HIV-positive adults tend to be colonized by pneumococcal serotypes more commonly seen in children [12][13][14].…”