Impact of iron supplementation on gestational diabetes mellitus: A literature review

Liu, Lulu; Feng, Yan; Yan, Hongyuan; Wang, Zhiqiang

doi:10.1111/dom.14886

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…The development of GDM is intricately linked to stress, with deviations in cortisol levels, as provoked by oxidative stress, potentially impairing the iron transport process (8,9). Serum ferritin, a reflection of total body iron content, along with serum iron and the correlation between insulin and blood glucose concentration, suggests that elevated serum iron levels significantly elevate GDM risk (10,11,12). Despite the association of GDM with severe complications for both mother and fetus, the pathogenesis of this condition remains poorly understood (13).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between Iron Markers, Cortisol and Insulin Resistance in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Anwar,

Rana,

Khan

et al. 2024

JHRR

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Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a significant metabolic disorder occurring during pregnancy, associated with serious maternal and fetal complications if left untreated. The global prevalence of GDM emphasizes the urgent need for research into its pathogenesis and contributing factors, including hormonal changes, insulin resistance, and the role of iron metabolism. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between iron markers (hemoglobin, serum iron, and serum ferritin), cortisol, insulin resistance (measured by HOMA-IR), and the development of GDM in pregnant women between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study included 150 pregnant women, divided into GDM and non-GDM groups based on oral glucose tolerance test results. Iron markers, cortisol, fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR levels were measured. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25, employing descriptive and inferential statistics, including the Mann-Whitney U test for non-normally distributed variables. Results: Women with GDM exhibited significantly higher mean levels of hemoglobin (12.41±0.68 g/dl), serum iron (19.57±1.14 μmol/L), serum ferritin (25.92±2.58 ng/ml), cortisol (451.32±25.20 nmol/L), fasting plasma glucose (6.83±0.46 mmol/L), insulin (12.50±1.72 μU/mL), and HOMA-IR (3.83±0.78) compared to non-GDM participants (p<0.001 for all comparisons). These findings underscore the pronounced biochemical and hormonal alterations associated with GDM. Conclusion: The study identified a significant association between elevated levels of iron markers, cortisol, and insulin resistance with the development of GDM. These findings suggest that monitoring these parameters during pregnancy could be crucial for the early detection and management of GDM. Individualized iron supplementation strategies may be necessary to prevent iron overload and minimize GDM risk.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between Iron Markers, Cortisol and Insulin Resistance in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Anwar,

Rana,

Khan

et al. 2024

JHRR

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“…Maternal diet-which is one of the main determinants of adverse outcomes defined above-plays a key role in ensuring the correct development and growth of newborns [16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Although many studies evaluated the relationship of single nutrients and foods with pregnancy and neonatal outcomes [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36], these elements are not consumed alone but in complex dietary patterns. To meet the need of capturing the complex interactions between nutrients, foods and other relevant factors, the research is moving to the development of innovative tools for data collection [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45] and to the analysis of dietary patterns, using both a priori and a posteriori methods [46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Maternal Dietary Patterns on Birth Weight for Gestational Age: Findings from the MAMI-MED Cohort

et al. 2023

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Limited evidence exists on the effects of maternal dietary patterns on birth weight, and most studies conducted so far did not adjust their findings for gestational age and sex, leading to potentially biased conclusions. In the present study, we applied a novel method, namely the clustering on principal components, to derive dietary patterns among 667 pregnant women from Catania (Italy) and to evaluate the associations with birth weight for gestational age. We identified two clusters reflecting distinct dietary patterns: the first one was mainly characterized by plant-based foods (e.g., potatoes, cooked and raw vegetables, legumes, soup, fruits, nuts, rice, wholemeal bread), fish and white meat, eggs, butter and margarine, coffee and tea; the second one consisted mainly of junk foods (sweets, dips, salty snacks, and fries), pasta, white bread, milk, vegetable and olive oils. Regarding small gestational age births, the main predictors were employment status and primiparity, but not the adherence to dietary patterns. By contrast, women belonging to cluster 2 had higher odds of large for gestational age (LGA) births than those belonging to cluster 1 (OR = 2.213; 95%CI = 1.047–4.679; p = 0.038). Moreover, the odds of LGA increased by nearly 11% for each one-unit increase in pregestational BMI (OR = 1.107; 95%CI = 1.053–1.163; p < 0.001). To our knowledge, the present study is the first to highlight a relationship between adherence to an unhealthy dietary pattern and the likelihood of giving birth to a LGA newborn. This evidence adds to the current knowledge about the effects of diet on birth weight, which, however, remains limited and controversial.

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“…Given that iron deficiency (anemia) in pregnancy can lead to an increased risk of preterm birth [4] and of having a low-birth-weight/intrauterine-growth-restricted baby, the majority of countries worldwide recommend that iron supplements are used in pregnancy to augment dietary iron intakes [3,5]. Even some of the countries that do not recommend it universally, such as the U.K., suggest that iron supplements are used by pregnant women diagnosed with either iron deficiency or iron deficiency anemia [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron Supplementation in Pregnancy and Risk of Gestational Diabetes: A Narrative Review

Petry

2022

Nutrients

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Pregnant women frequently supplement their diets with iron to treat any cryptic anemia, on the assumption that if anemia is not present, there will be no negative consequences. However, in women who are already iron-replete, it has been suggested that this can lead to iron overload and an increased risk of certain pregnancy complications. One such complication is gestational diabetes. Fourteen clinical trials, case–control or cohort studies (found using Pubmed/Scopus/Web of Science) have investigated links between iron supplementation in pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes, several of them finding significant associations with increased risk. Potential mechanisms include increased oxidative stress leading to insulin resistance and inadequate compensatory insulin secretion. Current evidence suggests that dietary supplementation with iron in pregnancy may increase a pregnant woman’s chance of developing gestational diabetes, although available evidence is somewhat contradictory, and the magnitude of any increased risk appears relatively small. Meta-analyses have suggested the presence of significant heterogeneity in results between studies, urging a degree of caution in interpreting these results. It is currently suggested that advice to pregnant women about whether to supplement their diets with iron or not should consider both their current iron status and their other established risk factors for gestational diabetes.

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Impact of iron supplementation on gestational diabetes mellitus: A literature review

Cited by 9 publications

References 95 publications

The Relationship between Iron Markers, Cortisol and Insulin Resistance in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

The Relationship between Iron Markers, Cortisol and Insulin Resistance in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

The Effect of Maternal Dietary Patterns on Birth Weight for Gestational Age: Findings from the MAMI-MED Cohort

Iron Supplementation in Pregnancy and Risk of Gestational Diabetes: A Narrative Review

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