Impact of lactation stage, gestational age and mode of delivery on breast milk microbiota

Khodayar-Pardo, Parisá; Mira-Pascual, Laia; Collado, María Carmen; Martínez‐Costa, Cecilia

doi:10.1038/jp.2014.47

Cited by 244 publications

(249 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…[95][96][97] Intriguingly, in addition to skin-associated (Staphylococcus) and oral-associated (Streptococcus) taxa, the milk microbiome includes anaerobic bacteria most commonly associated with the gut such as Bifidobacteria and Enterococcus. 94 The origin of these bacteria has yet to be fully elucidated, but evidence suggests that these bacteria may be translocated from the maternal gut via enteromammary trafficking, a pathway in which bacteria in the gut lumen are engulfed by leukocytes through the process of antigen sampling and translocated intracellularly to the mammary glands via systemic circulation (For a review see ref 98 ). In support of this hypothesized pathway, a study of mothers given oral Lactobacillus probiotics for the treatment of mastitis showed that the Lactobacillus strains were detected in the breast milk of 6 out of 10 mothers after oral probiotic administration.…”

Section: Impact Of Maternal Nutrition During Breastfeedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Once thought to be sterile, it is now wellestablished that human milk contains a distinct microbiome consisting of diverse species. 93,94 These bacteria seed the gastrointestinal tract of the breastfeeding infant, likely contributing to the significant shifts in microbiome composition associated with breastfeeding. [95][96][97] Intriguingly, in addition to skin-associated (Staphylococcus) and oral-associated (Streptococcus) taxa, the milk microbiome includes anaerobic bacteria most commonly associated with the gut such as Bifidobacteria and Enterococcus.…”

Section: Impact Of Maternal Nutrition During Breastfeedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of maternal nutrition in pregnancy and lactation on offspring gut microbial composition and function

et al. 2016

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Evidence supporting the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Hypothesis indicates that maternal nutrition in pregnancy has a significant impact on offspring disease risk later in life, likely by modulating developmental processes in utero. Gut microbiota have recently been explored as a potential mediating factor, as dietary components strongly influence microbiota abundance, function and its impact on host physiology. A growing body of evidence has additionally indicated that the intrauterine environment is not sterile as once presumed, indicating that maternal-fetal transmission of microbiota may occur during pregnancy. In this article, we will review the body of literature that supports this emerging hypothesis, as well as highlight the work in relevant animal models demonstrating associations with maternal gestational nutrition and the offspring gut microbiome that may influence offspring physiology and susceptibility to disease.

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Section: Impact Of Maternal Nutrition During Breastfeedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Impact Of Maternal Nutrition During Breastfeedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of maternal nutrition in pregnancy and lactation on offspring gut microbial composition and function

et al. 2016

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“…One may argue that bifidobacteria, even when they decrease in relative abundance following weaning, persist following their initial transfer to the infant gut. The particular route(s) used for such a transfer is still unknown, although it has been speculated that transfer is facilitated by a human milk route (42,43) and/or by contamination of fecal and vaginal samples in the partum canal (44). Very recently, the possibility of fetal colonization of the infant gut through the placenta has been put forward (45).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring Vertical Transmission of Bifidobacteria from Mother to Child

Milani

Mancabelli

Lugli

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

212

201

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Passage through the birth canal and consequent exposure to the mother's microbiota is considered to represent the initiating event for microbial colonization of the gastrointestinal tract of the newborn. However, a precise evaluation of such suspected vertical microbiota transmission has yet to be performed. Here, we evaluated the microbiomes of four sample sets, each consisting of a mother's fecal and milk samples and the corresponding infant's fecal sample, by means of amplicon-based profiling supported by shotgun metagenomics data for two key samples. Notably, targeted genome reconstruction from microbiome data revealed vertical transmission of a Bifidobacterium breve strain and a Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum strain from mother to infant, a notion confirmed by strain isolation and genome sequencing. Furthermore, PCR analyses targeting unique genes from these two strains highlighted their persistence in the infant gut at 6 months. Thus, this study demonstrates the existence of specific bifidobacterial strains that are common to mother and child and thus indicative of vertical transmission and that are maintained in the infant for at least relatively short time spans.H uman beings may be considered superorganisms that consist of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells (1). It is generally accepted, not only that the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes are transferred to the next generation, but that such transfer may also include certain members and associated genomes of the symbiotic community, whose microbial genes outnumber those of the eukaryotic host by over 100-fold (2). Passage through the birth canal, together with breastfeeding, represents a very important opportunity for transfer of symbionts from one generation to the next. Notably, this transmission is facilitated by the maternal holobiont, i.e., the organism, together with its associated microbial communities, and the mother is both actively and passively engaged in providing a symbiotic and perhaps long-lasting microbial community to her offspring. However, each individual develops a specific microbial community by adulthood, suggesting that stochastic colonization is more important than direct vertical transmission. In fact, while individual strains may be directly transmitted, the majority of the long-lasting community is probably not. In mammals, it is generally accepted that the fetus develops in an essentially sterile environment within the amnion and that bacterial colonization of the fetus is made possible as soon as the amnion breaks prior to its delivery through the birth canal (3). Bifidobacteria are among the first bacterial colonizers of the human gut and have been subject to extensive scientific scrutiny (4, 5). It has become clear that certain species of the genus Bifidobacterium, e.g., Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium bifidum, are genetically adapted to colonize the infant gut (for a review, see reference 6). Such bacteria have evolved genetic strategies that allow them to metabolize particular glycans present in human ...

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“…High levels of maternal salivary mutans streptococci have been also related to an increase in the risk of ECC [39]. Another issue that has been reported refers to the differences in the breast milk microbiota according to the mode of delivery, which will have an impact on early oral colonization of breastfed children [35, 40-42]. This large set of factors could explain why the association between mode of delivery and oral colonization by caries-related microorganisms and by protective microorganism against caries is not consistent across studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Mode of Delivery on Early Oral Colonization and Childhood Dental Caries: A Systematic Review

Antão

Teixeira

Gomes

2018

Port J Public Health

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This review investigated whether mode of delivery influences the colonization of infant’s oral cavity and the risk of early childhood caries (ECC). The search strategy included systematic searching of electronic databases (Web of Science and PubMed) for articles published (1995–2015) and hand searching of references lists. Outcomes of interest were the presence of oral caries-related microorganisms, oral species considered protective against caries, and dental caries. Other outcomes included severity of dental caries, dental claims, and age at first dental visit. Study quality was assessed using the EPHPP tool. For each study, we present odds ratios and respective 95% confidence intervals for the association between these outcomes and the mode of delivery. Fourteen studies were identified. In 5 out of 8 studies addressing oral colonization, children born by cesarean section were less likely to harbor caries-related microorganisms as well as protective bacteria against caries and acquired caries-related microorganisms earlier, when compared with vaginally delivered children. No consistent results were obtained for the association between mode of delivery and dental caries. Although there were differences in oral colonization by mode of delivery, it seems that other determinants rather than mode of delivery could be major contributors to the development of ECC.

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Impact of lactation stage, gestational age and mode of delivery on breast milk microbiota

Abstract: Lactation stage, gestational age and delivery mode all influence the composition of several bacteria inhabiting BM: Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Enterococcus spp., and, consequently, may affect the infant's early intestinal colonization.

Cited by 244 publications

References 39 publications

Impact of maternal nutrition in pregnancy and lactation on offspring gut microbial composition and function

Impact of maternal nutrition in pregnancy and lactation on offspring gut microbial composition and function

Exploring Vertical Transmission of Bifidobacteria from Mother to Child

Effect of Mode of Delivery on Early Oral Colonization and Childhood Dental Caries: A Systematic Review

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