“…In these studies, products that are located near each other in product space compete more fiercely (display larger cross-price elasticities) than those that are farther apart. The role of localized competition among firms in geographic space has also been noted, especially in industries where products are less prone to differentiation in attribute space such as movie theaters (Davis, 2006), gasoline (Clemenz & Gugler, 2006;Pinkse et al, 2002), fast-food restaurants (Kalnins, 2003), and hotels (Lado-Sestayo, Otero-González, Vivel-Búa, & Martorell-Cunill, 2016). A common practice to determine the proximity in attribute or geographic spaces is to compute and use (the inverse) of the Euclidean distance between products (e.g., Pinkse et al, 2002;Pinkse & Slade, 2004;Rojas, 2008).…”