Impact of low‐carbohydrate diet on body composition: meta‐analysis of randomized controlled studies

Hashimoto, Yoshitaka; Fukuda, Takuya; Oyabu, Chikako; Tanaka, Muhei; Asano, Mai; Yamazaki, Masahiro; Fukui, Michiaki

doi:10.1111/obr.12405

Cited by 89 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Ketogenic carbohydrate restriction is more effective to induce weight loss, reduce body fatness compared with milder restriction, although metabolic consequences are evident. While low carbohydrate intake showed less effective effect in comparison with VLCKD, currently, there is no evidence of complications from adopting this diet.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Effect of low‐carbohydrate diet on markers of renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta‐analysis

Suyoto

2018

Diabetes Metabolism Res

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Meta-analysis was conducted to clarify the effect of low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) on renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes. An extensive literature search was conducted on scientific databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library until September 2017. Only controlled trials on human subjects written in English were included in this meta-analysis. Several markers of renal function were compared between subjects who adopted an LCD or control diet, including estimated glomerular filtration rate, creatinine clearance, urinary albumin, serum creatinine, and serum uric acid. Random effect model was used in the analysis of each marker. In this meta-analysis, 12 controlled trials were selected, which involved 942 participants (500 received LCD and 442 received a control diet). The pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) of estimated glomerular filtration rate from LCD vs control diet was not different (pooled SMD: 0.26; 95% CI, -0.03 to 0.55; P = .08). Investigation on creatinine clearance also showed no significant difference (pooled SMD: 0.51; 95% CI, -0.38 to 1.40; P = .26). Other comparisons from urinary albumin (pooled SMD: -0.04; 95% CI, -0.75 to 0.67; P = .90), serum creatinine (pooled SMD: -0.57; 95% CI, -1.51 to 0.38; P = .24), and serum uric acid (pooled SMD: -0.86; 95% CI, -4.00 to 2.28; P = .59) also showed no significant difference in the results. In the present meta-analysis, no effect on markers of renal function was found after provision of a LCD compared with a control diet in patients with type 2 diabetes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Effect of low‐carbohydrate diet on markers of renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta‐analysis

Suyoto

2018

Diabetes Metabolism Res

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“…Liberal operational definitions of LCD (e.g., ≤45%) have led to a lack of significant differences in body weight and waist circumference [46], while lower carbohydrate classification thresholds (<20%) have favored LCD for weight loss and other cardiovascular risk factors [47]. Recently, Hashimoto et al [48] conducted the first-ever meta-analysis on the effect of LCD on fat mass (FM) and body weight. The analysis, limited to trials involving overweight/obese subjects, had a total of 1416 subjects, stratifying the diets as “mild LCD” (~40% CHO) or “very LCD” (~50 g CHO or 10% of total energy).…”

Section: Major Diet Archetypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

International society of sports nutrition position stand: diets and body composition

Aragon

Schöenfeld

Wildman

et al. 2017

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

210

137

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Position Statement: The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) bases the following position stand on a critical analysis of the literature regarding the effects of diet types (macronutrient composition; eating styles) and their influence on body composition. The ISSN has concluded the following. 1) There is a multitude of diet types and eating styles, whereby numerous subtypes fall under each major dietary archetype. 2) All body composition assessment methods have strengths and limitations. 3) Diets primarily focused on fat loss are driven by a sustained caloric deficit. The higher the baseline body fat level, the more aggressively the caloric deficit may be imposed. Slower rates of weight loss can better preserve lean mass (LM) in leaner subjects. 4) Diets focused primarily on accruing LM are driven by a sustained caloric surplus to facilitate anabolic processes and support increasing resistance-training demands. The composition and magnitude of the surplus, as well as training status of the subjects can influence the nature of the gains. 5) A wide range of dietary approaches (low-fat to low-carbohydrate/ketogenic, and all points between) can be similarly effective for improving body composition. 6) Increasing dietary protein to levels significantly beyond current recommendations for athletic populations may result in improved body composition. Higher protein intakes (2.3–3.1 g/kg FFM) may be required to maximize muscle retention in lean, resistance-trained subjects under hypocaloric conditions. Emerging research on very high protein intakes (>3 g/kg) has demonstrated that the known thermic, satiating, and LM-preserving effects of dietary protein might be amplified in resistance-training subjects. 7) The collective body of intermittent caloric restriction research demonstrates no significant advantage over daily caloric restriction for improving body composition. 8) The long-term success of a diet depends upon compliance and suppression or circumvention of mitigating factors such as adaptive thermogenesis. 9) There is a paucity of research on women and older populations, as well as a wide range of untapped permutations of feeding frequency and macronutrient distribution at various energetic balances combined with training. Behavioral and lifestyle modification strategies are still poorly researched areas of weight management.

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“…Dietary carbohydrates account for the greatest source of energy intake in most human diets (1) and play an important role in determining energy balance, which regulates body weight (BW) and adiposity (2,3). The digestion of polysaccharide carbohydrates begins in the mouth by action of salivary α-amylase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of the α-1,4-glycosidic bonds of starch, followed by the action of pancreatic amylase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Starch Digestion–Related Amylase Genetic Variant Affects 2-Year Changes in Adiposity in Response to Weight-Loss Diets: The POUNDS Lost Trial

et al. 2017

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Salivary and pancreatic amylases (encoded by AMY1 and AMY2 genes, respectively) are responsible for digesting starchy foods. AMY1 and AMY2 show copy number variations that affect differences in amylase amount and activity, and AMY1 copies have been associated with adiposity. We investigated whether genetic variants determining amylase gene copies are associated with 2-year changes in adiposity among 692 overweight and obese individuals who were randomly assigned to diets varying in macronutrient content. We found that changes in body weight (BW) and waist circumference (WC) were significantly different according to the AMY1-AMY2 rs11185098 genotype. Individuals carrying the A allele (indicating higher amylase amount and activity) showed a greater reduction in BW and WC at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months than those without the A allele (P < 0.05 for all). The association was stronger for long-term changes compared with short-term changes of these outcomes. The genetic effects on these outcomes did not significantly differ across diet groups. In conclusion, the genetic variant determining starch metabolism influences the response to weight-loss dietary intervention. Overweight and obese individuals carrying the AMY1-AMY2 rs11185098 genotype associated with higher amylase activity may have greater loss of adiposity during low-calorie diet interventions.

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Impact of low‐carbohydrate diet on body composition: meta‐analysis of randomized controlled studies

Cited by 89 publications

References 58 publications

Effect of low‐carbohydrate diet on markers of renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta‐analysis

Effect of low‐carbohydrate diet on markers of renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta‐analysis

International society of sports nutrition position stand: diets and body composition

Starch Digestion–Related Amylase Genetic Variant Affects 2-Year Changes in Adiposity in Response to Weight-Loss Diets: The POUNDS Lost Trial

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