“…In contrast, manufacturer brands, by definition, are owned by manufacturing organisations (Chimhundu et al, 2010), and are responsible for all aspects of the brand's development, production, transportation, promotion, and support. Dicken (2015) points out that some manufacturer brands were also regarded as actual manufacturers in their own right, as they had ownership on the manufacturing facilities, but due to the high production costs, most manufacturer brands now use offshore sub-contractors, whilst some have moved their facilities overseas, and thus, still regard themselves as manufacturers.…”