Impact of SOx, NOx and NH3 emission reductions on PM2.5 concentrations across Europe: Hints for future measure development

Clappier, Alain; Thunis, Philippe; Beekmann, Matthias; Putaud, Jean‐Philippe; Meij, Alexander de

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106699

Cited by 45 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In this Section, the impact of the two scenarios on aerosol and gas pollutants were evaluated at ground level. We focused our analysis on yearly averages and on three main periods as done by [34], i.e., warm/summer period (May to September), mild/transition period (March, April, and October) and a cold/winter period (November to February), to highlight the seasonal dependency of the road transport emission reduction scenarios on NO 2 , O 3 , and PM 2.5 concentrations.…”

Section: Impact On Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even though the NH 3 emitted by vehicles is lower than NH 3 emitted from agricultural sources, the NH 3 emitted by cars in urban areas, close to NO x and SO 2 sources, is likely to increase the PM 2.5 concentration considerably, because of non-linearities in the chemical regimes that lead to the formation of secondary inorganic aerosols [34,43]. Therefore, it is important to reduce also aerosol precursors which are emitted by the road transport sector.…”

Section: Particle Matter (Pm 25 )mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the complexity of secondary inorganic PM 2.5 formation is high, as described in [34,43]. It is, for that reason, key to identify the main precursors on which to act and to which extent when air quality plans are designed.…”

Section: Particle Matter (Pm 25 )mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modelling the Impact of the Introduction of the EURO 6d-TEMP/6d Regulation for Light-Duty Vehicles on EU Air Quality

Meij¹,

Astorga

Thunis

et al. 2022

Applied Sciences

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In this manuscript, we evaluated different emission scenarios for light-duty road transport to evaluate their impact on air quality in the EU, with a focus on a number of cities by means of the EMEP (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme) modelling system. In addition to the reference case scenario, where exhaust emission factors from COPERT (Computer Programme to calculate Emissions from Road Transport) corresponding to the existing fleet were used, we also tested future potential scenarios considering: (a) all passenger cars and light commercial vehicles meet the EURO 6 emissions standard and EDGAR (Emission Database for Global Atmospheric research) EURO 6 emission factors; (b) all passenger cars and light commercial vehicles meet the EURO 6 emissions standard and real-world emission factors derived from actual Euro 6d-TEMP/6d vehicles. Results show how the replacement of old vehicles by newer ones with better emission control technologies can help improve air quality in the EU in terms of reductions in NO2 and PM2.5 concentrations. However, reduced NOx emissions in cities (as foreseen in the two scenarios analysed) will cause tropospheric O3 to increase.

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Section: Impact On Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Particle Matter (Pm 25 )mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modelling the Impact of the Introduction of the EURO 6d-TEMP/6d Regulation for Light-Duty Vehicles on EU Air Quality

Meij¹,

Astorga

Thunis

et al. 2022

Applied Sciences

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“…Following the revision of the Gothenburg Protocol, the Directive (EU) 2016/2284 (European Commission, 2016) defines national emission ceilings for each member state, in particular for NH 3 . As NH 3 is recognized as a precursor of secondary inorganic aerosols, controlling its emissions is important for reducing PM 2.5 and PM 10 con-centrations (Holmes, 2007;Clappier et al, 2021). Bessagnet et al (2014), who used three different chemistry transport models, showed an underestimation of the formation of ammonium particles (e.g., ammonium nitrate or sulfate) and concluded that NH 3 had a much greater role than the initial estimates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air pollution monitoring: development of ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) dynamic reference gas mixtures at nanomoles per mole levels to improve the lack of traceability of measurements

et al. 2022

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Abstract. The measurement of ammonia (NH3) in ambient air is a sensitive and priority topic due to its impact on ecosystems. NH3 emissions have continuously increased over the last century in Europe because of intensive livestock practices and the enhanced use of nitrogen-based fertilizers. European air quality monitoring networks monitor atmospheric NH3 amount-of-substance fractions. However, the lack of stable reference gas mixtures (RGMs) of atmospheric amount-of-substance fractions of ammonia to calibrate NH3 analyzers is a common issue of the networks, which results in data that are not accurate, traceable, or, thus, geographically comparable. In order to cover this lack, LNE (Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais) developed, in close collaboration with the company 2M PROCESS, a gas reference generator to dynamically generate NH3 RGMs in air. The method is based on gas permeation and a further dynamic dilution to obtain an amount-of-substance fractions ranging between 1 and 400 nmol mol−1 (also well known as ppb or parts per billion; 1 ppb (NH3) to ≈ 0.7 µg m−3) to cover the amount-of-substance fractions of ammonia measured in ambient air (emissions) and the operating range of the NH3 analyzers used by the monitoring networks. The calibration of the elements of the generator against the LNE primary standards ensures the traceability of the RGMs to the international system of units. Furthermore, the highly accurate flow and oven temperature measurements of the reference generator, together with the associated calibration procedure defined by LNE, guarantee relative expanded uncertainties of the calibration of the NH3 analyzers that are lower than 2 % (coverage factor = 2). This result is very satisfactory, considering the low NH3 amount-of-substance fraction levels (1 to 400 nmol mol−1) and the phenomena of adsorption and desorption, especially in the presence of traces of water on contact surfaces. A bilateral comparison was organized between METAS (Swiss Federal Institute of Metrology) and LNE, which consisted of the calibration of a Picarro G2103 gas analyzer by both national metrology institutes (NMIs). The results highlighted the good agreement between the NH3 reference generators developed by the two institutes and allowed the validation of both LNE's reference generator and calibration procedure. Since the end of 2020, LNE has calibrated several NH3 analyzers from the French air quality monitoring networks (Associations Agréées de Surveillance de la Qualité de l'Air – AASQA) using the newly developed SI-traceable RGMs. The enhanced number of calibrations provided may increase the comparability, accuracy, and traceability of the NH3 measurements carried out on French territory.

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“…Following the revision of the Gothenburg Protocol, the Directive (EU) /2284(European Commission, 2016, defines national emission ceilings for each Member State, in particular for NH3. As NH3 is recognized as a precursor of secondary inorganic aerosols, controlling its emissions is important to reduce PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations (Holmes, 2007;Clappier et al, 2021). Bessagnet et al (2014), who used three different chemistry transport models, showed an underestimation of the formation of ammonium particles (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air pollution monitoring: Development of ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) dynamic reference gas mixtures at nmol/mol levels for improving the lack of traceability of measurements

Macé

Iturrate-García

Pascale

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Abstract. The measurement of ammonia (NH3) in ambient air is a sensitive and priority topic due to its harmful effects on human health and ecosystems. NH3 emissions have continuously increased over the last century in Europe, because of intensive livestock practices and enhanced use of nitrogen-based fertilizers. European air quality monitoring networks monitor atmospheric NH3 amount fractions. However, the lack of stable reference gas mixtures (RGMs) at atmospheric amount fractions to calibrate NH3 analyzers is a common issue of the networks, which results in data that are not accurate, traceable and, thus, geographically comparable. In order to cover this lack, LNE developed, in close collaboration with the company 2M PROCESS, a gas reference generator to generate dynamically NH3 RGMs in air. The method is based on gas permeation and further dynamic dilution to obtain an amount fraction range between 1 and 400 nmol/mol. The calibration of the elements of the generator against LNE primary standards ensures the traceability of the RGMs to the international system of units. Furthermore, the highly accurate flow and oven temperature measurements of the reference generator, together with the associated calibration procedure defined by LNE, guarantee relative expanded uncertainties of the calibration of the NH3 analyzer calibrations lower than 2 % (coverage factor = 2). This result is very satisfactory considering the low NH3 amount fraction levels (1 to 400 nmol/mol) and the phenomena of adsorption and desorption, especially in the presence of traces of water on the surfaces in contact. A bilateral comparison was organized between METAS and LNE, consisting on the calibration of a PICARRO G2103 gas analyzer by both national metrology institutes (NMI). The results highlighted the good agreement between the NH3 reference generators developed by the two institutes and allowed to validate both LNE’s reference generator and calibration procedure. The development of the NH3 reference generator has already raised great interest within the French air quality monitoring networks (AASQA). Since the end of 2020, LNE calibrated several NH3 analyzers of the networks. These requests shows the interest of the AASQA in the development of this new gas reference generator to guarantee the traceability of measurements carried out on the French territory.

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Impact of SOx, NOx and NH3 emission reductions on PM2.5 concentrations across Europe: Hints for future measure development

Cited by 45 publications

References 23 publications

Modelling the Impact of the Introduction of the EURO 6d-TEMP/6d Regulation for Light-Duty Vehicles on EU Air Quality

Modelling the Impact of the Introduction of the EURO 6d-TEMP/6d Regulation for Light-Duty Vehicles on EU Air Quality

Air pollution monitoring: development of ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) dynamic reference gas mixtures at nanomoles per mole levels to improve the lack of traceability of measurements

Air pollution monitoring: Development of ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) dynamic reference gas mixtures at nmol/mol levels for improving the lack of traceability of measurements

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Impact of SOx, NOx and NH3 emission reductions on PM2.5 concentrations across Europe: Hints for future measure development

Cited by 45 publications

References 23 publications

Modelling the Impact of the Introduction of the EURO 6d-TEMP/6d Regulation for Light-Duty Vehicles on EU Air Quality

Modelling the Impact of the Introduction of the EURO 6d-TEMP/6d Regulation for Light-Duty Vehicles on EU Air Quality

Air pollution monitoring: development of ammonia (NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) dynamic reference gas mixtures at nanomoles per mole levels to improve the lack of traceability of measurements

Air pollution monitoring: Development of ammonia (NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) dynamic reference gas mixtures at nmol/mol levels for improving the lack of traceability of measurements

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Air pollution monitoring: development of ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) dynamic reference gas mixtures at nanomoles per mole levels to improve the lack of traceability of measurements

Air pollution monitoring: Development of ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) dynamic reference gas mixtures at nmol/mol levels for improving the lack of traceability of measurements