This study reviews energy policy evaluation approaches on their capability to estimate a successful implementation of renewable energy policies. This is predominantly done via energy system modeling and analysis. Although modeling the possible success and effects is not a precondition for policy making, it is a powerful tool to support decision makers in policy making. This awareness has led to the development of numerous modeling approaches with many case studies. Therefore, effort has to be made to evaluate recent modeling approaches that could be suitable for renewable energy policy evaluation. It is the aim of this paper to provide an overview on recent renewable energy policy modeling approaches that are capable in evaluating the success and side effects to other sectors of renewable energy policies. We will highlight advantages and drawbacks of these approaches and provide a framework assessing the suitability of the presented methodologies for the evaluation of renewable energy policies. We provide a tabular overview that enables the reader to quickly derive information on the suitability of the several modeling approaches to evaluate renewable energy policies.
Keywords: Policy evaluation, Renewable energy, Policy modeling, Decision support
ReviewIn 1980, the term Energiewende was first used in a study of the Öko-Institut [1]. Since then, several policies were installed to follow the idea of a decarbonized energy system. This includes among others the support of the development of renewable energy and associated technologies, efficiency actions, renewable fuels, reduced import independence from fossil fuels, rural development, the decrease of long-term economic costs in kind of external effects, and R&D support [2][3][4]. International Energy Agency (IEA) defines renewable energy as energy derived from natural sources like sunlight, wind or some forms of biomass in terms of being not finite like fossil fuels having simultaneously a smaller impact on the environment [5]. Interplay between renewable energies, energy efficiency like green buildings, and a sustainable transport sector is crucial for achieving the imposed goals of the German Government and the Energiewende. Renewable energy is characterized by replenishing at a faster rate than being consumed. Like Germany, several countries implemented strategies, policies, and stimulus packages to promote the transition towards a renewable energy system and increase their overall share of renewable energy in the energy system. However, increasing the share of renewable energy is often associated with sustainability challenges [6,7]. The key elements of a sustainable development like economic performance, environmental protection, and social responsibility need to be considered in designing or evaluating support schemes, policies, or stimulus packages. But the design and evaluation of renewable energy promoting policies is a difficult task considering the multiple aspects policy designers and decision makers have to consider. Governmental intervention...