Impact of the 1996-1997 supplementary measles vaccination campaigns in South Africa

Uzicanin, Amra; Eggers, Rudolf; Webb, Elize; Harris, Bernice Nerine; Durrheim, Dave N.; Ogunbanjo, GA; Isaacs, Veronica; Hawkridge, Anthony; Biellik, Robin; Strebel, Peter M.

doi:10.1093/ije/31.5.968

Cited by 28 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…2b), with a sharp population decline clearly depicted. Notably, the timing of the population decline depicted in both genes corresponds with the advent of WHO vaccination campaigns in six southern African countries-Botswana, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe (Uzicanin et al 2002;WHO 1999)-and African sequences constitute a major component of our measles data sets. Although vaccination campaigns may cause a decrease in cases due to depletion of susceptible individuals, additional epidemics can follow when susceptible individuals are replenished through births or immigration.…”

Section: Population Demographymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Evolutionary and Epidemiological Dynamics of the Paramyxoviridae

2008

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Paramyxoviruses are responsible for considerable disease burden in human and wildlife populations: measles and mumps continue to affect the health of children worldwide, while canine distemper virus causes serious morbidity and mortality in a wide range of mammalian species. Although these viruses have been studied extensively at both the epidemiological and the phylogenetic scales, little has been done to integrate these two types of data. Using a Bayesian coalescent approach, we infer the evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics of measles, mumps and canine distemper viruses. Our analysis yielded data on viral substitution rates, the time to common ancestry, and elements of their demographic history. Estimates of rates of evolutionary change were similar to those observed in other RNA viruses, ranging from 6.585 to 11.350 × 10 −4 nucleotide substitutions per site, per year. Strikingly, the mean Time to the Most Recent Common Ancestor (TMRCA) was both similar and very recent among the viruses studied, ranging from only 58 to 91 years (1908 to 1943). Worldwide, the paramyxoviruses studied here have maintained a relatively constant level of genetic diversity. However, detailed heterchronous samples illustrate more complex dynamics in some epidemic populations, and the relatively low levels of genetic diversity (population size) in all three viruses is likely to reflect the population bottlenecks that follow recurrent outbreaks.

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Section: Population Demographymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Evolutionary and Epidemiological Dynamics of the Paramyxoviridae

2008

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“…The 1996/7 national catch-up campaign resulted in a major reduction in the number of measles notifications and interruption of MV circulation in parts of the country [Uzicanin et al, 2002]. Two more national follow-up campaigns targeting children aged 9-59 months were conducted in 2000 and 2004.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measles virus genotype B2 is not inactive: Evidence of continued circulation in Africa

2005

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This study describes two measles outbreaks--one in Cape Town, South Africa in November 2002, and the other in Luanda, Angola in March 2003. The outbreaks were notable because they were caused by closely related genotype B2 viruses. This genotype was first described in an outbreak in Libreville, Gabon in the 1980s and was labeled as inactive by the World Health Organization in 2003 because it had not been detected for over 15 years. As the first three cases in the Cape Town outbreak were Angolan citizens who recently arrived from Angola, it appears likely that the source of the virus was Angola. Molecular analysis of specimens collected during the outbreak in Luanda provided direct evidence for the circulation of genotype B2 measles virus (MV) in Angola. This study clearly demonstrates that there is still active circulation of genotype B2 in Africa, and we propose that its apparent inactivity is merely the result of insufficient virologic/molecular surveillance in the region. These findings highlight the need for expanded molecular surveillance in Africa.

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“…In the case of sub-Saharan Africa, the Child Health Days delivery platform usually provides oral polio vaccines, measles vaccine, vitamin A supplementation, and deworming medicines such as Albendazole and Mebendazole (WHO, 2009b). South Africa, for example, has implemented SIAs within the polio national immunization days at the provincial level since 1996 (Uzicanin et al, 2002). Recently, insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) have also begun to be distributed through the channel of these mass immunization campaigns (Grabowsky et al, 2005), which has enabled a scale-up in the use of ITNs in some sub-Saharan African countries (WHO, 2011).…”

Section: Campaigns Versus Routine Servicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mothers and Children: Designing research toward integrated care for both

Stalcup

Verguet

2012

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The Millennium Development Goals (MDG) set time-bound targets that are powerful shapers of how and for whom health is pursued. In this paper we examine some ramifications of both the temporal limitation, and maternal-child health targeting of MDG 4 and 5. The 2015 end date may encourage increasing the number of mass campaigns to meet the specific MDG objectives, potentially to the detriment of a more comprehensive approach to health. We discuss some ethical, political, and pragmatic ramifications of this tendency, and show that these are not unique to the MDGs but rather have a long history in health policy debates. We also examine attempts to counter a narrow focus on vertical interventions in campaigns through integrated health system delivery platforms. We argue that the way forward is not to assume that evidence is value free, but rather to make explicit the political and ethical decisions in the design of metrics and evaluation research. We propose an index of five factors that should be included in research designed to inform decision making about providing interventions as part of routine services or periodic campaigns, toward serving more members of the population, and long-term strengthening of the health system via integrated health interventions.

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Impact of the 1996-1997 supplementary measles vaccination campaigns in South Africa

Abstract: Study findings indicate that reported measles cases, measles-related hospitalizations and deaths were considerably reduced in both provinces after the campaign compared with the pre-campaign period. Longer observation is needed to evaluate the long-term impact of the campaigns.

Cited by 28 publications

References 7 publications

The Evolutionary and Epidemiological Dynamics of the Paramyxoviridae

The Evolutionary and Epidemiological Dynamics of the Paramyxoviridae

Measles virus genotype B2 is not inactive: Evidence of continued circulation in Africa

Mothers and Children: Designing research toward integrated care for both

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