Impact of the 2018 Ambae Eruption on the Global Stratospheric Aerosol Layer and Climate

Kloss, Corinna; Sellitto, Pasquale; Legras, Bernard; Vernier, Jean‐Paul; Jégou, Fabrice; Ratnam, M. Venkat; Kumar, B. Suneel; Madhavan, Bomidi Lakshmi; Berthet, Gwenaël

doi:10.1029/2020jd032410

Cited by 26 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Despite the close timing of the two Ambae eruptions in 2018 (April and July), the eruptions are clearly distinguishable in the SAGE III/ISS data shown in Fig. 7f, with the later eruption being many times more intense than the earlier one (Kloss et al, 2020b). Individually, the Ambae (Vanuatu) eruptions in 2018 are similar to the Nevado del Ruiz eruption that is discussed in detail above, as both show an increase in extinction coefficient and extinction coefficient ratio relative to the values seen in early 2018 (which is characteristic of most small to moderate eruptions).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…From the end of the SAGE II mission in August 2005 until the start of the SAGE III/ISS mission in June 2017, space-based missions consist of measurements used in GloS-SAC from instruments such as OSIRIS and CALIOP (Rieger et al, 2019;Kar et al, 2019) and data from other instruments including the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Cartography (SCIAMACHY; von Savigny, 2015), the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS; Griessbach et al, 2016), the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite Limb Profiler (OMPS LP; Loughman et al, 2018), and Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars (GOMOS; Bingen et al, 2017). Since the start of the ongoing SAGE III/ISS mission in June 2017 (https://doi.org/10.5067/ISS/SAGEIII/SOLAR_HDF4_L2-V5.1, last access: 10 February 2020), several additional small to moderate volcanic events have been observed including two eruptions by Ambae (April and July 2018; Kloss et al, 2020b), an eruption by Raikoke (June 2019; Muser et al, 2020), and an eruption by Ulawun (June/August 2019). In addition, there are at least two pyrocumulus (also known as flammagenitus) events, specifically the Canadian forest fire event of August 2017 (Kloss et al, 2019;Bourassa et al, 2019) and the Australian bush fires of December 2019 and January 2020 (Khaykin et al, 2020).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidence for the predictability of changes in the stratospheric aerosol size following volcanic eruptions of diverse magnitudes using space-based instruments

Thomason

Kovilakam²,

Schmidt

et al. 2021

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. An analysis of multiwavelength stratospheric aerosol extinction coefficient data from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II and III/ISS instruments is used to demonstrate a coherent relationship between the perturbation in extinction coefficient in an eruption's main aerosol layer and the wavelength dependence of that perturbation. This relationship spans multiple orders of magnitude in the aerosol extinction coefficient of stratospheric impact of volcanic events. The relationship is measurement-based and does not rely on assumptions about the aerosol size distribution. We note limitations on this analysis including that the presence of significant amounts of ash in the main sulfuric acid aerosol layer and other factors may significantly modulate these results. Despite these limitations, the findings suggest an avenue for improving aerosol extinction coefficient measurements from single-channel observations such as the Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imager System as they rely on a prior assumptions about particle size. They may also represent a distinct avenue for the comparison of observations with interactive aerosol models used in global climate models and Earth system models.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for the predictability of changes in the stratospheric aerosol size following volcanic eruptions of diverse magnitudes using space-based instruments

Thomason

Kovilakam²,

Schmidt

et al. 2021

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Thus aerosol extinction attribution to stratospheric injections during the Australian fires before New Year (pyro-Cb events) are hard to segregate out (Figure 6). Enhanced aerosol extinction values in the lower stratosphere at the end of 2018 can be attributed to the Ambae eruption in 2018, with peak stratospheric AOD values in the SH in October 2018 (Kloss et al, 2020;2021a).…”

Section: Fire Tracer and Aerosol Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Australian Fires 2019–2020: Tropospheric and Stratospheric Pollution Throughout the Whole Fire Season

Kloss

Sellitto

Hobe

et al. 2021

Front. Environ. Sci.

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The historically large and severe wildfires in Australia from September 2019 to March 2020 are known to have injected a smoke plume into the stratosphere around New Year, due to pyro-cumulonimbus (pyro-Cb) activity, that was subsequently distributed throughout the Southern Hemisphere (SH). We show with satellite, ground based remote sensing, and in situ observations that the fires before New Year, had already a substantial impact on the SH atmosphere, starting as early as September 2019, with subsequent long-range transport of trace gas plumes in the upper-troposphere. Airborne in situ measurements above Southern Argentina in November 2019 show elevated CO mixing ratios at an altitude of 11 km and can be traced back using FLEXPART trajectories to the Australian fires in mid-November 2019. Ground based solar-FTS (Fourier Transform Spectroscopy) observations of biomass burning tracers CO, HCN and C2H6 at Lauder, South Island, New Zealand show enhanced tropospheric columns already starting in September 2019. In MLS observations averaged over 30°–60°S, enhanced CO mixing ratios compared to previous years become visible in late October 2019 only at and below the 147 hPa pressure level. Peak differences are found with satellite and ground-based observations for all altitude levels in the Southern Hemisphere in January. With still increased aerosol values following the Ulawun eruption in 2019, averaged satellite observations show no clear stratospheric and upper-tropospheric aerosol enhancements from the Australian fires, before the pyro-Cb events at the end of December 2019. However, with the clear enhancement of fire tracers, we suggest the period September to December 2019 (prior to the major pyro-Cb events) should be taken into account in terms of fire pollutant emissions when studying the impact of the Australian fires on the SH atmosphere.

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“…Because of the limited potential of dry and wet deposition in the UTLS, these particles (sulfate aerosols in particular, but also fine ash particles, when present) have a long lifetime. Additionally, sulfate aerosols are reflective and effectively scatter shortwave radiation back to space, thus producing a net cooling effect on the climate (Kremser et al, 2016). The extent of the impact on the global stratospheric composition and climate, from a volcanic eruption, depends on various parameters: (1) chemical composition and concentration of the plume, (2) geographical location of the erupting volcano, (3) injection altitude, and (4) dynamical situation at the time and location of the injection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The extent of the impact on the global stratospheric composition and climate, from a volcanic eruption, depends on various parameters: (1) chemical composition and concentration of the plume, (2) geographical location of the erupting volcano, (3) injection altitude, and (4) dynamical situation at the time and location of the injection. (1) The sulfur burden in the plume determines the resulting sulfate aerosol formation and dominates the climate impact (Kremser et al, 2016). Whether the initial plume contains ash or not can modify the chemical and microphysical evolution pathways and aerosol formation/evolution and can alter related dynamical features (radiative balance including local diabatic heating) (Robock, 2000;Vernier et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stratospheric aerosol layer perturbation caused by the 2019 Raikoke and Ulawun eruptions and their radiative forcing

et al. 2021

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Abstract. In June 2019 a stratospheric eruption occurred at Raikoke (48∘ N, 153∘ E). Satellite observations show the injection of ash and SO2 into the lower stratosphere and an early entrainment of the plume into a cyclone. Following the Raikoke eruption, stratospheric aerosol optical depth (sAOD) values increased in the whole Northern Hemisphere and tropics and remained enhanced for more than 1 year, with peak values at 0.040 (short-wavelength, high northern latitudes) to 0.025 (short-wavelength, Northern Hemisphere average). Discrepancies between observations and global model simulations indicate that ash may have influenced the extent and evolution of the sAOD. Top of the atmosphere radiative forcings are estimated at values between −0.3 and -0.4Wm-2 (clear-sky) and of −0.1 to -0.2Wm-2 (all-sky), comparable to what was estimated for the Sarychev eruption in 2009. Almost simultaneously two significantly smaller stratospheric eruptions occurred at Ulawun (5∘ S, 151∘ E) in June and August. Aerosol enhancements from the Ulawun eruptions mainly had an impact on the tropics and Southern Hemisphere. The Ulawun plume circled the Earth within 1 month in the tropics. Peak shorter-wavelength sAOD values at 0.01 are found in the tropics following the Ulawun eruptions and a radiative forcing not exceeding −0.15 (clear-sky) and −0.05 (all-sky). Compared to the Canadian fires (2017), Ambae eruption (2018), Ulawun (2019) and the Australian fires (2019/2020), the highest sAOD and radiative forcing values are found for the Raikoke eruption.

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Impact of the 2018 Ambae Eruption on the Global Stratospheric Aerosol Layer and Climate

Abstract: • Various satellite data reveal a significant impact on the global stratosphere. • Radiative forcing values similar to that of recent moderate volcanic eruptions was found.

Cited by 26 publications

References 38 publications

Evidence for the predictability of changes in the stratospheric aerosol size following volcanic eruptions of diverse magnitudes using space-based instruments

Evidence for the predictability of changes in the stratospheric aerosol size following volcanic eruptions of diverse magnitudes using space-based instruments

Australian Fires 2019–2020: Tropospheric and Stratospheric Pollution Throughout the Whole Fire Season

Stratospheric aerosol layer perturbation caused by the 2019 Raikoke and Ulawun eruptions and their radiative forcing

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