Impact of urban agriculture on malaria vectors in Accra, Ghana

Klinkenberg, Eveline; McCall, Philip J.; Wilson, Michael D.; Amerasinghe, Felix P.; Donnelly, Martin J.

doi:10.1186/1475-2875-7-151

Cited by 156 publications

(146 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The levels of urbanisation do not show a clear spatial pattern. However, some of the districts with the greater levels of urbanisation in central Uganda show some of the lowest levels of malaria incidence as observed in other African countries such as Ghana (Klinkenberg et al, 2008). Figure 3 illustrates the location of the climate-influenced regions obtained through WMVC.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Assessing the effects of air temperature and rainfall on malaria incidence: an epidemiological study across Rwanda and Uganda

Colón‐González¹,

Tompkins²,

Biondi³

et al. 2016

Geospat Health

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We investigate the short-term effects of air temperature, rainfall, and socioeconomic indicators on malaria incidence across Rwanda and Uganda from 2002 to 2011. Delayed and nonlinear effects of temperature and rainfall data are estimated using generalised additive mixed models with a distributed lag nonlinear specification. A time series cross-validation algorithm is implemented to select the best subset of socioeconomic predictors and to define the degree of smoothing of the weather variables. Our findings show that trends in malaria incidence agree well with variations in both temperature and rainfall in both countries, although factors other than climate seem to play an important role too. The estimated short-term effects of air temperature and precipitation are nonlinear, in agreement with previous research and the ecology of the disease. These effects are robust to the effects of temporal correlation. The effects of socioeconomic data are difficult to ascertain and require further evaluation with longer time series. Climate-informed models had lower error estimates compared to models with no climatic information in 77 and 60% of the districts in Rwanda and Uganda, respectively. Our results highlight the importance of using climatic information in the analysis of malaria surveillance data, and show potential for the development of climateinformed malaria early warning systems. IntroductionDespite the global contraction in range over the past century , malaria still imposes a significant health and socioeconomic burden to many countries (WHO, 2013). The World Health Organization estimates that about 3.4 billion people are at risk of malaria (WHO, 2013). Approximately 207 million cases and 627,000 deaths occurred in 2012 worldwide (WHO, 2013). About 90% of the total mortality occurs in sub-Saharan Africa, and 77% of that percentage happens in children under 5 years of age (WHO, 2013). Two countries significantly affected by malaria are Rwanda and Uganda. Malaria has long been considered the main cause of morbidity and mortality in both countries (NISR, MOH and ICF International, 2012; UBOS and ICF International, 2012). Over the period 2002 to 2011, more than five million malaria cases were reported in Rwanda to government health facilities. The number was significantly greater in Uganda with about 100 million reports of suspected malaria cases between 2002 and 2010.Trends in malaria incidence could be attributed to the complex interplay of a range of determinants including climatic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors (Kazembe et al., 2006;Lowe et al., 2013;Rulisa et al., 2013). Statistical models are useful tools that allow us: i) to understand how disease outcomes change as a function of variations in their key driver; and ii) to predict disease outcomes based on the dynamics of such drivers (James et al., 2013). This paper aims to investigate the ways in which malaria incidence varies as a function of short-term changes in air temperature and rainfall over the period [2002][2003][2004][2005][...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Assessing the effects of air temperature and rainfall on malaria incidence: an epidemiological study across Rwanda and Uganda

Colón‐González¹,

Tompkins²,

Biondi³

et al. 2016

Geospat Health

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“…Mosquito larval collections were performed between the May 9 and 30, 2008. Eight breeding sites within an area of 30 km 2 in the Greater Accra region were located by searching for water bodies in areas known to harbor A. gambiae (47). Larvae were reared to adults at the Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute, Accra.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and validation of a gene causing cross-resistance between insecticide classes inAnopheles gambiaefrom Ghana

Mitchell

Stevenson

Müller

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

228

255

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In the last decade there have been marked reductions in malaria incidence in sub-Saharan Africa. Sustaining these reductions will rely upon insecticides to control the mosquito malaria vectors. We report that in the primary African malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto, a single enzyme, CYP6M2, confers resistance to two classes of insecticide. This is unique evidence in a disease vector of cross-resistance associated with a single metabolic gene that simultaneously reduces the efficacy of two of the four classes of insecticide routinely used for malaria control. The gene-expression profile of a highly DDT-resistant population of A. gambiae s.s. from Ghana was characterized using a unique whole-genome microarray. A number of genes were significantly overexpressed compared with two susceptible West African colonies, including genes from metabolic families previously linked to insecticide resistance. One of the most significantly overexpressed probe groups (false-discovery rate-adjusted P < 0.0001) belonged to the cytochrome P450 gene CYP6M2. This gene is associated with pyrethroid resistance in wild A. gambiae s.s. populations) and can metabolize both type I and type II pyrethroids in recombinant protein assays. Using in vitro assays we show that recombinant CYP6M2 is also capable of metabolizing the organochlorine insecticide DDT in the presence of solubilizing factor sodium cholate.

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“…Nonetheless, a cross-sectional study in Ghana's capital, Accra, where there were no obvious confounding factors, also revealed significantly higher (P=0.008) malaria incidence among children living near urban agriculture (16.4 %) than those living in solely residential or industrial areas (11.4 %) (Klinkenberg et al 2005). The link between irrigated urban agriculture and malaria in Accra was made more direct through the study of Klinkenberg et al (2008), where trained (and brave) personnel in three urban agriculture and three non-urban agriculture areas captured mosquitoes upon landing on their exposed legs at night. Not only did about three times as many A. gambiae adults bite urban agriculture participants (urban agriculture: geometric mean = 8.1 [5.1,13.0,CI 90 ] bites per person per night; residential/industrial=2.8 [1.8, 4.3]) but also the entomological inoculation rate, which combines the rate of these bites and the frequency of Plasmodium in the mosquitoes, was markedly higher (19.2 cf 6.6-confidence intervals not reported).…”

Section: Malaria and Urban Agriculturementioning

confidence: 98%

“…The larval stages of mosquitoes develop in stagnant water, hence the concern about irrigated urban agriculture offering a breeding-ground for vectors. The contentious issue of urban agriculture and malaria has been well investigated on the African continent, where malaria well and truly has its greatest global impact (Klinkenberg et al 2008;Matthys et al 2006;Stoler et al 2009). In Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Dongus et al (2009) found that location within lowland areas, proximity to a river, and presence of relatively impervious soils were statistically significant (P<0.05) geographic predictors of the presence of anopheline larvae; and seedbed type, mid-size gardens, irrigation by tap water, rain-fed agriculture, and cultivation of leguminous crops or fruit trees were significant negative predictors.…”

Section: Malaria and Urban Agriculturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, Robert et al (1998) found that anopheline larval densities in market garden wells in Dakar, Senegal, were poor predictors of peak adult densities. On the other hand, Klinkenberg et al (2008) have suggested that the provision of adult resting sites in urban crops may be of equal or greater epidemiological significance than the supply of larval habitats.…”

Section: Malaria and Urban Agriculturementioning

confidence: 99%

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Give peas a chance? Urban agriculture in developing countries. A review

Hamilton

Burry

Mok

et al. 2013

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

165

142

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International audienceUrban agriculture is receiving increasing attention throughout the developing world, but debate rages as to whether it is a blessing or a curse. Some see it as savior for the poor, providing food, and livelihoods, yet to others it is responsible for harboring and vectoring pathogenic diseases and is an archaic practice that has no place along the path toward development. Consequently, the activity receives a mixed reception, and despite much support in many instances, it certainly does not enjoy universal unimpeded progress. Here, we undertake a global tour of urban agriculture throughout the developing world in an attempt to elucidate the various benefits, costs, and hindrances associated with the practice. Through this analysis we identify the need for better understanding of the following six aspects if urban agriculture is to make a meaningful contribution to food security and sustenance of livelihoods in the future: (1) the global and regional extent of urban agriculture; (2) the contribution of urban agriculture to communicable diseases, especially malaria but also diarrheal disease; (3) the role that urban agriculture does and/or could play in abating both malnutrition and obesity; (4) the impacts of urban agriculture on women; (5) appropriate methods of achieving governance and institutional support; and (6) the risks posed by chemical pollutants, particularly as Africa becomes increasingly industrialized. Overlaying these, we suggest that the time is ripe to extend the debate about urban agriculture’s positive and negative environmental impacts—especially in relation to carbon emissions—from primarily a developed world concern to the developing world, particularly since it is the developing world where population growth and consequent resource use is increasing most rapidly

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Impact of urban agriculture on malaria vectors in Accra, Ghana

Cited by 156 publications

References 27 publications

Assessing the effects of air temperature and rainfall on malaria incidence: an epidemiological study across Rwanda and Uganda

Assessing the effects of air temperature and rainfall on malaria incidence: an epidemiological study across Rwanda and Uganda

Identification and validation of a gene causing cross-resistance between insecticide classes inAnopheles gambiaefrom Ghana

Give peas a chance? Urban agriculture in developing countries. A review

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