Impactos Ambientais E Econômicos Dos Veículos Elétricos E Híbridos Plug-In: Uma Revisão Da Literatura

Abstract

Resumo: Este artigo apresenta uma breve revisão da literatura acerca dos custos e benefícios de veículos elétricos e veículos híbridos do tipo plug-in (PHEV), com ênfase em seus benefícios em termos de redução da emissão de gases de estufa e gases nocivos à saúde humana. Conclui-se que os veículos híbridos, ainda que tenham de superar barreiras tecnológicas e culturais, apresentam um grande potencial de elevar não apenas a eficiência energética do setor de transporte, mas também contribuir para aumentar a eficiência e reduzir os custos relacionados à produção de energia elétrica. Esses veículos podem servir de ponte entre os veículos convencionais e os elétricos, quando o desenvolvimento tecnológico, notadamente relativo ao custo e eficiência das baterias, permitir a adoção generalizada de veículos elétricos. Todavia, é importante notar que o aproveitamento pleno do potencial de economia e de redução de emissão de poluentes está condicionado à implantação das chamadas smart grids e, mais importante, de como se configura a produção marginal de energia elétrica na região e no período considerados. Palavras-chave: Veículos Elétricos; Efeito Estufa; Emissões; Avaliação Econômica; Economia Ambiental.Economic and environmental impacts of electric and eletro-hybrid vehicles: a brief literature review Abstract: This paper presents a brief literature review concerning the costs and benefits of electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles, highlighting their advantages in terms of greenhouse gas emissions reductions. Even though electric and electro-hybrid vehicles must still overcome many cultural and technological barriers, they present a great potential in improving the energy efficiency of the transportation system, as well as reducing the costs of electric energy production and transmission. The hybrid vehicles may close the technological and operational gap between the old internal combustion powered vehicles and the new electric cars, until new improvements on batteries allow the widespread introduction of electric cars as the standard individual transportation vehicles. Nevertheless, it is imperative to stress that the full potential benefits of these vehicles is conditioned to the implementation of Smart Grids that enable the electric system to use them as a reservoire of energy that provides back up power to the system, to be employed in peak consumption hours. It is also vital to ensure that the required incremental energy production is proportionately cleaner than the internal combustion vehicles they replace.

Veículos Elétricos e Estações de Recarga: Estado da Arte e Desafios

“…The environmental aspect is fundamental for the implementation of electric vehicles since, the transport sector is the one that represents 41.9% of the emissions attributed to the energy sector [3]. Electric Vehicle are among several possible vehicle technologies that produce little or no greenhouse gas emissions.…”

“…The various options do not imply, however, an ease in replacing current fossil fuel vehicles. Several factors must be considered, such as: cost of vehicles; availability of electricity and the levels of emissions required to generate it; relationships between the technical and operational aspects of these vehicles and consumer preferences, aspects related to the safety of these vehicles and other economic aspects [3].…”

“…Regarding air pollution and the emission of gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect, electric cars and trucks are more environmentally friendly than cars with an internal combustion engine. The use of electricity allows, for example, the development of hybrid propulsion with a lower emission of pollutants and greater efficiency in the use of fuel until a scenario of zero emission with the use of 100% electric systems [3]. In Figure 1 we have a comparison between conventional internal combustion cars (ICE) and Electric Vehicle (EV).…”

“…With the new research and new investments, an improvement in the energy efficiency of the batteries is expected to be between 70% to 75% between 2020 and 2022 when compared to the batteries currently used. Also highlighting the potential to triple energy efficiency and reduce the cost per KW by 70% in 2030 [9].…”

“…Another factor of great impact on EVs is the question of battery life, since it is vitally important in financial terms since they represent between 20% and 25% of the vehicle's value [9]. Thus, a short service life means a high cost of exchange in addition to a frequency of replacement and disposal that raises serious concerns in the environmental issue since the proper disposal of batteries at the end of their useful life is a major issue to be resolved.…”