Impacts of carbon-based advanced treatment processes on disinfection byproduct formation and speciation for potable reuse

Peterson, Eric S.; Johnson, Sierra; Shiokari, Steven; Yu, Yun; Cook, Sherri M.; Summers, R. Scott

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2022.118643

Cited by 12 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Additional details of the DBP quantification methods were reported previously. 39 Method detection limits for HANs, HAMs, and HALs were generally 0.2 μg/L or lower which permitted evaluation of 95% removal or greater in the spiking experiments. Calculated Toxicity.…”

Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Ten HANs, seven HAMs, seven HALs, seven halonitromethanes (HNMs), and six iodinated THMs (I-THMs) were quantified with gas chromatography followed by mass spectrometry (GC/MS) (Agilent Intuvo 9000/5977b MSD) after solid phase extraction (SPE). Additional details of the DBP quantification methods were reported previously . Method detection limits for HANs, HAMs, and HALs were generally 0.2 μg/L or lower which permitted evaluation of 95% removal or greater in the spiking experiments.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Control of Pre-formed Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts with Reuse Biofiltration

Peterson

Summers

Cook

2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Disinfection byproduct (DBP) pre-formation is a major issue when prechlorination is used before or during advanced treatment of impacted drinking water sources. Control strategies for pre-formed DBPs before final disinfection, especially for currently nonregulated although highly toxic DBP species, are not yet established. This study evaluated the biodegradation potential of pre-formed DBPs, including haloacetonitriles (HANs), haloacetamides (HAMs), and haloacetaldehydes (HALs), during biofiltration with sand, anthracite, and biological activated carbon of three wastewater effluents under potable reuse conditions. Up to 90%+ removal of di- and trihalogenated HANs, HAMs, and HALs was observed, and removal was associated with active heterotrophic biomass and removal of biodegradable organic carbon. Unlike the microbial dehalogenation pathway of haloacetic acids (HAAs), removal of HANs and HAMs appeared to result from a biologically mediated hydrolysis pathway (i.e., HANs to HAMs and HAAs) that may be prone to inhibition. After prechlorination, biofiltration effectively controlled pre-formed DBP concentrations (e.g., from 271 μg/L to as low as 22 μg/L in total) and DBP-associated calculated toxicity (e.g., 96%+ reduction). Abiotic residual adsorption capacity in biological activated carbon media was important for controlling trihalomethanes. Overall, the toxicity-driving DBP species exhibited high biodegradation potential and biofiltration showed significant promise as a pre-formed DBP control technology.

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Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of Pre-formed Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts with Reuse Biofiltration

Peterson

Summers

Cook

2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…The decreasing efficacy of the GAC treatment with GAC age is consistent with previous research. 9,14,23 Treatment by Cl 2 /NH 2 Cl decreased cytotoxicity by 24%, 32%, and 2%, respectively, for the three events compared with treatment with free chlorine alone.…”

Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The degree to which GAC reduced DBP formation declined with increasing GAC age and the associated TOC breakthrough, in line with previous research. 9,14,23 Cl 2 /NH 2 Cl reduced the sum of regulated and unregulated DBPs by 54%, 60%, and 58%, across the three events (Figure S5). GAC showed comparable removal efficiency (88% and 59%) for events 1 and 2, respectively, but lower removal (41%) for event 3 (Figure S5 and Table S9).…”

Section: Description Of the Gac Pilot Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At three full-scale drinking water treatment plants that use GAC/Cl 2 treatment, the decrease in DBP formation was accompanied by a reduction in the calculated additive cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the water . The reduction in CAT generally decreased as the GAC aged and DOC breakthrough increased, ,, although one study reported little change in CAT over the service life of the GAC CAT = prefix∑ i = 1 n ( [ DBP ] i LC 50 i ) …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cytotoxicity Comparison between Drinking Water Treated by Chlorination with Postchloramination versus Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) with Postchlorination

Lau,

Feng,

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Granular activated carbon treatment with postchlorination (GAC/Cl 2 ) and chlorination followed by chloramination (Cl 2 /NH 2 Cl) represent two options for utilities to reduce DBP formation in drinking water. To compare the total cytotoxicity of waters treated by a pilot-scale GAC treatment system with postchlorination (and in some instances with prechlorination upstream of GAC (i.e., (Cl 2 )/GAC/Cl 2 )) and chlorination/chloramination (Cl 2 /NH 2 Cl) at ambient and elevated Br – and I – levels and at three different GAC ages, we applied the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cytotoxicity assay to whole-water extracts in conjunction with calculations of the cytotoxicity contributed by the 33 (semi)volatile DBPs lost during extractions. At both ambient and elevated Br – and I – levels, GAC/Cl 2 and Cl 2 /NH 2 Cl achieved comparable reductions in the formation of regulated trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). Nonetheless, GAC/Cl 2 always resulted in lower total cytotoxicity than Cl 2 /NH 2 Cl, even at up to 65% total organic carbon breakthrough. Prechlorination formed (semi)volatile DBPs that were removed by the GAC, yet there was no substantial difference in total cytotoxicity between Cl 2 /GAC/Cl 2 and GAC/Cl 2 . The poorly characterized fraction of DBPs captured by the bioassay dominated the total cytotoxicity when the source water contained ambient levels of Br – and I – . When the water was spiked with Br – and I – , the known, unregulated (semi)volatile DBPs and the uncharacterized fraction of DBPs were comparable contributors to total cytotoxicity; the contributions of regulated THMs and HAAs were comparatively minor.

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DBP Formation and Control in Water Reuse

Wu,

He,

Xiao

et al. 2024

The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry

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Impacts of carbon-based advanced treatment processes on disinfection byproduct formation and speciation for potable reuse

Cited by 12 publications

References 41 publications

Control of Pre-formed Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts with Reuse Biofiltration

Control of Pre-formed Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts with Reuse Biofiltration

Cytotoxicity Comparison between Drinking Water Treated by Chlorination with Postchloramination versus Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) with Postchlorination

DBP Formation and Control in Water Reuse

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