Impacts of Climate Change on Vegetation Distribution No. 2 - Climate Change Induced Vegetation Shifts in the New World

Abstract

Abstract. After giving an overview of climate change induced vegetation shifts in the Palearctic region in our previous paper, in this article we review literature available in Web of Science on North and South America. We study different geographical regions such as Canada, Alaska, California, Southwestern, Eastern and Southeastern USA, the Great Lakes region, the Great Plains, intermontane basins and plateaus, Rocky Mountains and the Cascades as well as Central and South America. We summarize main results of relevant field studies, experiments and model simulations. Predicted environmental changes include temperature increases, altering precipitation patterns, droughts, permafrost thaw and ground subsidence in arctic regions, enhanced El Niño Southern Oscillation, sea level rise, increasing salinity of the vadose zone, snowpack declines and various disturbances. All vegetation types are affected by these changes, to the most important phenomena belong e.g. reduction of arctic and alpine communities, decreasing area of taiga, shrub encroachment in tundra areas, northward expansion of the tree line, reduction in wetland areas, invasion, altering forest regeneration patterns, decrease in dominance of conifer species, increased cover of salt-tolerant plant species in tidal marshes, expansion of grassland, compositional and structural changes of grasslands and forests, drying up of bogs, landward migration of mangroves, savannification of forests, expansion of chaparral as well as upward migration of species in the mountains.

Predicting drought tolerance from slope aspect preference in restored plant communities

“…Droughts in semi‐arid regions are becoming increasingly common and severe in recent decades as compared to historical climate records (AghaKouchak, Cheng, Mazdiyasni, & Farahmand, ; Dai, ). Plant ecologists have documented wide‐spread drought‐induced mortality in some species and are motivated to predict how plant communities and their component species may respond to future increases in drought frequency and severity (Allen et al., ; Hufnagel & Garamvolgyi, ; McAuliffe & Hamerlynck, ; Sperry & Love, ). One possibility is the species that occupy more arid microclimates may be able to withstand drought better than species that occupy mesic microclimates (Casper, ; Ramirez, Rada, & Llambi, ).…”

Ecological Responses to Climate Change at Biogeographical Boundaries

“…In the last decades, woody encroachment has been experienced globally under the effects of global warming [34][35][36] mainly because of CO 2 enrichment. Woody species which are generally superior competitors [1,37] tend to be sensitive to abiotic stress (fire, drought).…”

Introductory Chapter: The Main Directions and Tasks of Pure and Applied Biogeography in Solving the Global Problems of Our Time

“…The ecological effects of global climate change also have a significant impact on biodiversity, flora and fauna, through biogeographical patterns [28][29][30][31].…”