Impacts of explosive compounds on vegetation: A need for community scale investigations

Via, Stephen M.; Zinnert, Julie C.

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2015.10.020

Cited by 42 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…RDX is more mobile in the soil and less likely to bind to soil particles relative to TNT because of its lower octanol-water partition coefficient (K ow ) value of 0.87, which is lower than the value of 1.6 for TNT (Pennington et al 2006;Hewitt et al 2003;Singh and Mishra 2014). It has been estimated that soil concentrations for RDX range from 0.7 to 74000 mg kg À1 and 08 TNT from 0 to 87000 mg kg À1 (Best et al 2008(Best et al , 2009Via and Zinnert 2016).…”

Section: Chemical Contamination In Military Rangesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Remediation of inorganic and organic contaminants in military ranges

Fayiga¹

2019

Environ. Chem.

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Environmental contextContaminants occur in the soil and water associated with military ranges. This review article describes how the extent of contamination depends not only on the type of military range and its period of activity, but also on the chemistry of both the soil and the contaminant. A full understanding of the soil chemistry is necessary to develop effective remediation methods for the restoration of these impacted environments. AbstractThis review discusses the contaminants associated with military ranges and the approaches taken to remediate these sites. The type and extent of contamination depends on the type of range, period of activity, soil chemistry and contaminant chemistry. Small arms firing ranges typically have high concentrations of metals and metalloids whereas military ranges typically have high concentrations of perchlorates, white phosphorus, explosives and propellants. For explosives, higher concentrations are found in sites that have undergone a low order detonation than in sites with a high order detonation. Remediation technologies for small arms firing ranges include leaching and immobilisation whereas for military ranges, methods such as alkaline hydrolysis, photolysis, bioremediation and phytoremediation have been tested. A lot of work has been done to immobilise metals/metalloids using soil amendments, which show a high effectiveness in stabilising them. Some of these amendments, however, also mobilise other co-contaminants. More studies are needed to simultaneously immobilise all inorganic contaminants. Explosives can be transformed into simpler non-toxic forms by photolysis, bioremediation or phytodegradation. The introduction of bacteria transgenes into plants has been used to enhance uptake and degradation of explosives in transgenic plants. Adoption of appropriate remediation technologies in impacted military ranges will reduce contaminant levels and protect public health.

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Section: Chemical Contamination In Military Rangesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Remediation of inorganic and organic contaminants in military ranges

Fayiga¹

2019

Environ. Chem.

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“…In one of few community‐level studies, multiple indices of coral reef health declined in close proximity to unexploded ordinance at Vieques Island, Puerto Rico, but on the other hand, the same reefs do not exhibit measurable impacts from military activities at larger spatial scales . The effects of contaminants on terrestrial plants are more straightforward, and numerous studies have shown changes to germination and growth rates in a range of species, with the potential to shift community composition at contaminated military sites toward hardy, disturbance‐tolerant vegetation …”

Section: Preparationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…52 The effects of contaminants on terrestrial plants are more straightforward, and numerous studies have shown changes to germination and growth rates in a range of species, with the potential to shift community composition at contaminated military sites toward hardy, disturbance-tolerant vegetation. 53 Immediate, tangible impacts from training activities also have the potential to affect biodiversity, particularly the cratering, wildfires, and disturbance to vegetation and soils associated with live fire training and mechanized maneuvers. 38 Planned habitat modification (e.g., forest clearing and road building) may also occur in preparation for training exercises, shifting species composition at the landscape level.…”

Section: Preparationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiversity conservation and armed conflict: a warfare ecology perspective

Hanson

2018

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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The activities involved in preparing for, executing, and recovering from armed conflict are globally pervasive and consequential, with significant impacts on natural systems. Effects on biodiversity are predominantly negative, produced by direct and indirect battlefield impacts, as well as the general breakdown of social, economic, and governance systems during wartime. Certain conservation opportunities do occur, however, particularly on lands set aside for training exercises, buffer zones, and peace parks. Here, the relationship between armed conflict and biodiversity is reviewed using the temporal framework of warfare ecology, which defines warfare as an ongoing process of three overlapping stages: preparations, war (armed conflict), and postwar activities. Several themes emerge from recent studies, including a heightened awareness of biodiversity conservation on military lands, the potential for scientific and conservation engagement to mitigate negative biodiversity impacts in war zones, and the importance of the postwar period for incorporating biodiversity priorities into reconstruction and recovery efforts. Research limitations and knowledge gaps are also discussed.

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“…Thesef igures do, not include disposal of ammunition in the two northernmost counties in Norway, which probably represented as imilar amount [2].D umping in the oceans as wella si nl akes and rivers was regarded as an accepted measure to dispose redundant ammunition, it was fairly efficient and considered as secure. In addition, there arel arge amounto fU XOsa crosst he worldf romm ilitarya ctivity [3]. Although less in volume,a mmunitions ares till left behind as unexploded materials in waters during training.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wastewater, soils, groundwater, and surface waters have become contaminated with av arietyo fe nergetic compounds arising from ammunition manufacture and processing [3][4][5][6].L ess is known about environmental spread of energetic compoundsi nd umped ammunition, but some concerns are raisedt hat explosives and other toxic compounds from dumpeda mmunition can leak out to ambient water and sediments and expose various organisms. The energetic compounds in dumped ammunition were originally sealed into the bombshells and are in principle not subjected to considerable leakage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Assessment of Sea Dumped Conventional Munitions

Voie

Mariussen

2016

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Energetic compounds from dumped ammunition are toxic to aquatic organisms. Leakage of ammunition residues will occur when the bombshells are broken and the energetic compounds come into contact with water. The munitions compounds have a complex behavior in the environment, particularly in the sediment‐water phase, and the calculation of safety levels are dependent on choice of methodology. Estimated sediment quality benchmark levels combined with multi‐increment sampling strategy provide the most proper tool for performing ecological risk assessment at a dump site. Dumped munitions may be located in areas, where shellfish, invertebrates, and benthic or pelagic fish are consumed by humans. A monitoring program for early warning of potential contaminants in the vicinity of fish farms could be conducted by passive samplers for explosives. Further development of both sample procedures and analytical methods to increase the quality of the chemical analyses are encouraged.

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Impacts of explosive compounds on vegetation: A need for community scale investigations

Cited by 42 publications

References 93 publications

Remediation of inorganic and organic contaminants in military ranges

Remediation of inorganic and organic contaminants in military ranges

Biodiversity conservation and armed conflict: a warfare ecology perspective

Risk Assessment of Sea Dumped Conventional Munitions

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