Impacts of Small-Scale Mechanized Logging Equipment on Soil Compaction in Forests

Abstract

The present study focuses on assessing the effects of different numbers of skidders on soil compaction. To assess the skidding effects, four-wheeled small-scale logging equipment attached to an ATV (Automated Transfer Vehicle) was used. Skidding operations were carried out on undistributed forest corridor (20 × 3 m).To measure soil compaction, 11 measurement lines were used, spaced at 2-m intervals. A total of 33 measurement points were used to measure soil compaction. Soil compaction values were measured for different soil depths with 5 cm intervals in the 0-40 cm range as MpA. The results were evaluated for the skidding zone and the wheel zone. Prior to skidding, soil compactions at 0 cm (top soil) is almost 2.5-3 times lower than those at the other depths. The p values indicate that the numbers of passes and the compaction values belong to nonidentical groups. The Bonferroni method was used to determine whether the compaction values are similar. The Dunn test results demonstrate that there were statistically significant differences between the mean values of the number of passes up to the 60th pass. However, there are no statistically significant differences between the means of the compaction values occurring between 60 and 80 and 100 and 120 passes. Generally, soil compaction is expressed as an increase in the soil bulk density. Soil bulk density and soil porosity are negatively correlated. It was found that for each of the zones, soil compaction values between the depths of 15 cm and 40 cm are approximately 4 times higher than at the 0 cm soil depth. Soil compaction values increased 3 times at the depths of between 0 cm and 5 cm. The average soil compactions values in the skidding zone are approximately 1.5 times higher than those at the wheel zones at the depth greater than 5 cm. The use of different skid trails will decrease soil compaction of the forest stand, provide uniformity of soil compactions in forest stand.

Spatio-Temporal Study on Supply and Demand Matching of Ecosystem Water Yield Service – A Case Study of Wei River Basin

“…Different land use types have different water yield. Varol T et al [39] evaluated the impact of different quantity of material collectors on soil compaction, which may further affect the supply of water yield service in the region. Our study found that the total amount of runoff and runoff per unit area of land use types in Wei River basin were different (Table 3).…”

Effect of Heavy Machine Traffic on Soil CO2 Concentration and Efflux in a Pinus koraiensis Thinning Stand

“…In addition, the increase in BD resulting from compaction was found to be significantly different after 12 to 16 machine trips than after 3-6 trips [31]. However, up to 60 trips of the machine, the degree of pressure was significantly different from each other, but there was no significant difference between 60, 80, 100, and 120 [11]. In addition, in previous studies it has been reported that the correlation observed between traffic intensity and BD can be expressed using a logarithmic model [32].…”

“…Soil bulk density (BD) is an indicator that defines compaction [11]. Soil compaction diminishes porosity and pore continuity, which results in increased BD [10,12,13].…”

Effects of Long-Term Vegetation Restoration on Distribution of Deep Soil Moisture in Semi-arid Northwest of China

“…Certainly, some watersaving measures should be considered for vegetation restoration, such as precipitation collection with fish-scale pits and gravel mulching (Zheng et al 2019). Furthermore, soil compaction caused by machines is one common problem (Varol et al 2020), which may also affect the soil moisture status. That is what we should pay attention in the near future.…”